Lobes and Structures of the Brain
A. (Cortex)
B.
G.
F.
C.
E. Cortex
D(LOBE).
Lobes and Structures of the Brain
A. Motor Cortex
B. Frontal Lobe
C. Wernicke's Area
A
D. Temporal Lobe
G.
B.
F.
E. Visual Cortex
F. Occipital Lobe
G. Parietal Lobe
C.
D.
E.
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
The Divided Brain
Which way is the girl spinning?
What if you saw her…
• Spinning Clockwise
– Your right brain is your
dominant side
• Spinning CounterClockwise
– Your left brain is your
dominant side
Anyone see both?!?!
This means you use both sides of your brain equally but most likely, one way
was easier to see
Left/Right Hemisphere Specialization
LEFT
• Analytic thought
– Step by step process
• Logic
– Conclusions based upon a
logical or consecutive order
• Language
– Using words to
name/describe/define
• Math & Science
– Number use, awareness of
time, symbols, facts & linear
reasoning
RIGHT
• Holistic thought
– Seeing “big” picture before
understanding details
• Intuition
– Insight based upon incomplete
patterns or “hunches”
• Creativity
– Demonstrative with minimal
word use, understanding
relationships
• Art & Music
– Putting pieces together to
form “wholes”
Lesson Outline
The Cerebral Cortex is divided into two hemispheres
Lateralization:
•Division of functions
between sides of the brain
•right controls left
and vice versa
•Often one side is better
at certain tasks than
The other side
In general =
Left Hemisphere: language abilities –speaking, reading, writing
logical analysis - math
Right Hemisphere: understanding spatial relationships –
puzzles, reading maps = recognizing faces and interpreting
facial expressions and perceiving and expressing emotion
= likes art and music
Corpus Callosum
• Helps the two sides communicate
with each other
– Sometimes this has to be removed
(usually seen in people with epilepsy)
– Sometimes a whole side of the brain
has to be removed
• hemispherectomy
• They are then called Split Brain
Patients
– They actually have two separate
brains in their heads, and one brain
has no idea what the other is doing
– However, through plasticity most sbp
will find ways to get their
hemispheres to communicate
Split-Brain Discoveries
• Ability to speak resides almost exclusively
in Left Hemisphere (word recognition)
• Ability to recognize faces resides almost
exclusively in Right Hemisphere
(Archimbaldo paintings)
• “Don’t leave home without your left
hemisphere!” - Michael Gazzaniga
• “The great pleasure and feeling in my right
brain is more than my left brain can find
the words to tell you.” - Roger Sperry
Lesson Outline
Vision Diagram
Stare at the dot….
HEART
Which word did you see??
Testing the Divided Brain
Sperry and Gazzaniga
– tested split brain patients
Vision - Part 1
• Right side of your brain controls your Left body
functions
• Left side of your brain controls your Right body
functions
•Each eyeball is divided into 2 parts
–Right Visual Field
–Left Visual Field
•Right Hemisphere receives visual info from LVF only
•Left Hemisphere receives visual info from RVF only
Split Brain Patients
Genetics?
90% of humans are right-handed
95% right-handers process speech
primarily in left hemisphere
Babies- Left vs. Right
Left-Handers- reading disabilities,
allergies, and migraine
headaches, musicians,
mathematicians, professional
baseball players, and cricket
players
Coren & Halpern- left-handed
people decrease with age
Decreasing Left-handers
Endocrine System
Explain
Section 39-2
The Endocrine
System
regulates
Metabolism
Calcium
and glucose
levels
Response
to stress
by means
of the
by means
of the
by means
of the
by means
of the
Testes
Thyroid
Growth
Water
balance
Reproduction
by means
of the
by means
of the
Pituitary
Ovaries
Pancreas
Parathyroids
Adrenals
Endocrine Glands
Section 39-1
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus makes
hormones that control the
pituitary gland. In addition, it
makes hormones that are stored
in the pituitary gland.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland produces
hormones that regulate many of the
other endocrine glands.
Parathyroid glands
These four glands release
parathyroid hormone, which
regulate the level of calcium
in the blood.
Thymus
During childhood, the thymus
releases thymosin, which
stimulates Tcell development.
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands release
epinephrine and nonepinephrine,
which help the body deal with stress.
Pineal gland
The pineal gland releases melatonin, which
is involved in rhythmic activities, such as
daily sleep-wake cycles.
Thyroid
The thyroid produces thyroxine, which
regulates metabolism.
Pancreas
The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which
regulate the level of glucose in the blood.
Ovary
The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen is required for the development of secondary
sex characteristics and for the development of eggs.
Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.
Testis
The testes produce testosterone,
which is responsible for sperm
production and the development of
male secondary sex characteristics
The Endocrine System
• Exocrine glands transport their
hormones to target
tissues via ducts.
• Endocrine Emergencies:
– from common:
• Diabetes
• to the unusual:
– Thyrotoxicosis
Classification of Hormones
Peptide hormones
• formed from chains of amino acids
• most of our body’s hormones are peptide hormones
• longer chains are called protein hormones
• example is growth hormone
Steroid hormones
• type of lipid derived from cholesterol
• example is testosterone
• Biogenic amines
• small molecules produced by altering the structure of a
• specific amino acid
• example is thyroid hormone
Pituitary Gland
• Master gland
– Controls the other
endocrine glands
• Growth Hormone (GH)
– Too much – gigantism
– Too little – dwarfism
• Antidiuretic (ADH)
– Stimulates kidneys to
keep water
Hypothalamus
• Part of brain and attached to pituitary
• Controls pituitary secretions
Thyroid
Regulates
Metabolism and energy balance
Thyroid Hormones
• Thyroxine
– Regulates body energy usage
• Calcitonin
– One hormones that regulates calcium and
phosphate in blood
Parathyroid
Calcium Regulation
PARAthyroid Glands
• PTH-Parathyroid hormones
• Increases calcium, phosphate, and magnesium
absorption in intestines.
• Causes bones to release calcium and phosphate
• Causes removal of calcium and magnesium from
urine by kidneys
• Increases the making of Vitamin D in body
Adrenal Gland
• Releases hormones to deal with stress
Adrenal Gland Cont.
• Cortex
– Produces more than 2
dozen steroid hormones
– corticosteriods
• Medulla
– “fight or flight”
– Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Pancreas:
Endocrine and Exocrine
• What did the pancreas do
in digestion?
Secreted Enzymes
Pancreas also secretes
hormones
Endocrine glands
- ductless organ that
releases hormones
DIRECTLY into the
bloodstream.
Reproductive Glands
•
•
•
•
Production of gametes
Secretion of sex hormones
Female – Ovaries - Estrogen
Males – Testes - Testosterone