Write down your homework…

Online activity 6.3 and 6.4 on Miss Smith’s
website!
Essential Questions
Why did Rome experience a period of civil war?
 How did Caesar reform Rome (three reforms)?
 What happened to Caesar?
 Who was the first emperor of Rome?

Ancient Rome Notes
From Republic to Empire
Rome as a Republic

Rome grew rapidly, and growth brought
political, economic, and social changes.
The Decline of the Republic

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted to help Rome’s
poor by proposing reforms

Senators felt threatened and violently killed both brothers
Generals recruited soldiers by
promising land, which divided
loyalty among troops


Bloody civil war broke out
Julius Caesar Takes Control




Joined forces with Crassus and Pompey to become
elected as consul.
Led his troops to conquer Gaul and shared in the
hardships of war with his men, which won their
loyalty and devotion.
He became very popular, but disobeyed the Senate’s
order to return home. This move led to civil war in
Rome between Julius Caesar and Pompey.
Julius was then appointed dictator for life.
Julius Caesar Takes Control
He expanded the senate.
 He granted Roman citizenship to many people
in the provinces.
 He helped the poor by creating jobs, especially
through the construction of new public
buildings, and started colonies where the
landless could own land.
 He increased pay for soldiers.

Julius Caesar Loses Control

Senators began to fear losing their
influence, and a few plotted his
assassination

On March 15, 44 B.C.E., they stabbed him
to death in the senate chamber
Death of Julius Caesar
Birth of an Empire

After Caesar’s death, civil war broke out again and
destroyed what was left of the Roman Republic

Three of Caesar’s supporters joined together to crush
the assassins; Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus

The Second Triumvirate ended in jealousy and
violence; Lepidus retired and Octavian and Antony
became enemies
Birth of an Empire

Octavian defeated the
combined forces of Antony
and Cleopatra at Actium

He then became the
unchallenged ruler of
Rome and accepted the
title of Augustus or
“exalted one” and became
the first emperor of Rome