Essential Question: –How did new inventions & improved transportation help facilitate a national market economy in the 1840s? Warm-Up Question: –Find as many comparisons as possible between each grouping: –John Adams & John Quincy Adams –James Madison & Martin Van Buren –George Washington & James Monroe –Thomas Jefferson & Andrew Jackson John Adams & John Q. Adams One term presidencies Thwarted by their cabinets Miserable presidencies Left office without attending their successor’s inauguration Held “nationalist” views of gov’t Madison & Van Buren Masterminds behind the creation of their party (Repubs & Whigs) Dealt with “trash” from their predecessor’s administrations Ineffective policies in response to problems (European war & panic) Were the hand-picked successors to people who started parties Served as Sec of State Washington & Monroe Founding Fathers; VA Dynasty Neutrality & independence (Farewell Address & Monroe Doc) Favored nationalist economic policy (Hamilton’s financial plan & American System) Westward expansion Were liked by all; unopposed in 2nd term Jefferson & Jackson Favored small gov’t; protected the “common man” & liberty Favored westward expansion & agriculture Strayed from Constitution (LA Purchase & killing BUS) Two terms; Succeeded an Adams Hypocrite to their party ideals Trashed the economy (Embargo & Bank War) 1st prez of their party (Rep & Dem) American Antebellum Changes In the 1830s & 1840s, territorial & technological growth led to important changes in America: – Improved transportation – Rapid technological innovation – A growing national economy – Mass European immigration – Desire for transcontinental expansion (“Manifest Destiny”) A Revolution in Transportation A Revolution in Transportation In 1816, Henry Clay’s American System initiated federally funded “internal improvements” –The National Road became the 1st federal transportation project –Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs –Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for lowcost, over-land transportation America's 1st Turnpike: Lancaster, PA 1790 By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities Cumberland (National Road), 1811 Principle Canals by 1840 Steamboats & canals stimulated commercial agriculture by providing for the free-flow of manufactured goods to the West Steamboats & Canals Steamboats provided Mississippi & Ohioupstream Rivers shipping helped with reduce costs & increased speeds farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West: –Fulton’s invention of steamboats helped connect the West with Northern manufacturing –State-directed canal projects cut shipping costs by 90% between the West & the North Robert Fulton’ s Steamboat The Clermont The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1st link between East & West The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the U.S. Inland Freight Rates The Railroad From 1840 to 1860, the greatest new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads –In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance –Stimulated industrial & commercial agricultural growth –Led to new forms of finance, such as “preferred stock” & state & local gov’t subsidies The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) Railroad Expansion by 1860 The The Expansion of Railroads by Railroad Region Revolution, 1850s Immigrant labor built railroads in the North Slave labor built railroads in the South Transportation Revolution by 1840: Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads Jackson’s assault on the 2nd BUS in the 1830s, killed Clay’s “American System” but it did not stop transportation improvements The Market Revolution The Industrial Revolution Booms In the 1840s, American industrial production became more efficient: –Due to numerous industrial innovations, growth of factories, & a demand for goods from farmers in West & South –Led to an increased division of labor & urbanization in the North & an increase in staple-crop commercial farming Rise of Commercial Agriculture Ohio, NY,antebellum & PA specialized in wheat while The era saw a boom the South grew tobacco, rice, & cotton in specialized, staple-crop, “commercial” farming due to: –Lower transportation costs –New agricultural innovations like McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the steel plow, thresher, & cultivator –The use of long-distance marketing & credit to sell crops Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793 Actually invented by a slave! John Deere & the Steel Plow Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper Early Industrialism In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the “putting out” system By 1840, textile manufacturing “Cottage Industry” in New England, grew, especially due to Brought a seriesfamilies of new inventions extra income –The most famous factory was the Lowell Mill in Boston –Still, only 9% of Americans were involved in manufacturing Early Samuel Slater Textile (“Father of the Factory System”) Loom Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine Eli Whitney’s Other Critical Invention Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts (Two more critical inventions of the era that Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858 have little to do with the Market Revolution) Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840 Lowell Boarding Houses The Lowell System: The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814 Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?” New England Dominance in Textiles Essential Question: –What problems developed as a result of American industrialism & immigration from 1840-1860? RQ 12A (p. 382-395) The Market Revolution By 1840, improved transportation & innovation reduced time & cost to ship goods & allowed for a Northern industry national market economy: Southern cotton production –U.S. developed a self-sustaining Western commercial farming national economy of commercial farming & manufactured goods –But, the U.S. economy was driven by regional specialization The Antebellum South America in Cotton production divided society in the Deep South: –Large plantations with lots of slaves made good money –Poor yeoman (with few or no slaves) mixed commercial & subsistence farming 1840 Slave Slave Population, Population, 1860 1820 1840 The Antebellum Westin America Land was cheap Settlers transformed the West from wilderness to cashproducing farms: –Wheat & corn –Hogs & cattle Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market 1840 America in 1840 The Antebellum North Shifted from yeoman to small commercial farming Made manufactured goods for farmers in the West & South Experienced rapid urbanization U.S. Urban Centers American American Population Population Centers Centers in in 1820 1860 The Market Revolution New innovations made work easier & improved American industry & agriculture However, the U.S. was not an “industrial society” in the 1840s –60% of the population were still involved in farming –Most production was still done traditionally in small workshops Mass Immigration Begins Mass Immigration Begins From 1840 & 1860, 4 million Irish & Germans immigrated to America Motivations for immigration: –Most came for higher wages in northern industrial jobs –The potato blight from 18451854 brought 1.5 million Irish immigrants –Low fares on trans-Atlantic ships made access easier Where Farmersdid immigrants go? Immigration to the US 1820-1860 Gold miners Industrial workers Cotton farming & cattle Mass Immigration Begins In 1836, 4% of the Lowell Mill workers were Immigrants filled low-paying jobs foreign-born; By 1860 62% were foreign-born in northern cities or migrated into the West to become farmers –This vast pool of cheap labor provided fuel for the U.S. Industrial Revolution in 1850s –In the 1840s, factory labor began to shift from American women & children to immigrant men Mass Immigration Begins Low immigrant wages contributed to urban slums where poverty, disease, & crime were common This influx of immigration led to urban reform movements: –Provided police forces, sanitized water, sewage disposal, & Affluent cityhousing dwellers standards moved improved to America’s 1st suburbs –But the immigrant poor were largely unaffected by the results Anti-Immigrant Reaction Immigrant groups were met with prejudice (esp the Irish Catholics) & tension in 1840s & 1850s Nativism emerged among American-born citizens: –Suspicion of the new ethnic neighborhoods & alien cultures –Led to bloody anti-Catholic riots, charges of despotism, & antiIrish propaganda The “Know-Nothing” Party Nativist propaganda targeting Anti-Catholic “Native American” mob battling the state militia Philadelphia in 1844 German &inIrish immigrants Conclusions In the 1830s & 1840s, the USA was growing more democratic & economically self-sufficient: –Innovation & transportation improvements connected regional specialization into a nation market economy –This economic growth will stimulate a sense of “manifest destiny” into the West & sectional divisions between North & South American Immigration & Nativism Activity 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. How many people came from England in 1820? What countries sent more than 300 immigrants in 1820? What do these countries have in common? What is the total number of immigrants who came from Italy, Russia, & Poland in 1820? Other than Great Britain, what 2 countries sent the most immigrants in 1850? Why? How many Africans came in 1850? Why? Nativism began in the 1840s. What group would have been its first victim? Why? American Immigration & Nativism Discussion Based upon what you know about America in the 1830s & 1840s, how would you define the “American ideal”? – What is the “ideal” for wealthy aristocrats? For the “common man”? – What is the American ideal for people outside of the United States? – At what point can an immigrant consider himself an “American”? Compare each of your answers with the reality that existed for each group. American Industry in the Age of Jackson Activity The Early American Industrial Revolution Group Activity ABC APUSH Review In groups of two, teams must provide an accurate sentence regarding an event/theme in American history for each letter of the alphabet: –A…Adams was the only Federalist president, etc. –Sentences must begin with nouns, not verbs or adjectives