 Essential
Question:
–How did new inventions & improved
transportation help facilitate a national
market economy in the 1840s?
 Warm-Up
Question:
–Find as many comparisons as
possible between each grouping:
–John Adams & John Quincy Adams
–James Madison & Martin Van Buren
–George Washington & James Monroe
–Thomas Jefferson & Andrew Jackson
John Adams & John Q. Adams
 One
term presidencies
 Thwarted by their cabinets
 Miserable presidencies
 Left office without attending their
successor’s inauguration
 Held “nationalist” views of gov’t
Madison & Van Buren
 Masterminds
behind the creation
of their party (Repubs & Whigs)
 Dealt with “trash” from their
predecessor’s administrations
 Ineffective policies in response to
problems (European war & panic)
 Were the hand-picked successors
to people who started parties
 Served as Sec of State
Washington & Monroe
 Founding
Fathers; VA Dynasty
 Neutrality & independence
(Farewell Address & Monroe Doc)
 Favored nationalist economic
policy (Hamilton’s financial plan &
American System)
 Westward expansion
 Were liked by all; unopposed in
2nd term
Jefferson & Jackson
 Favored
small gov’t; protected the
“common man” & liberty
 Favored westward expansion &
agriculture
 Strayed from Constitution (LA
Purchase & killing BUS)
 Two terms; Succeeded an Adams
 Hypocrite to their party ideals
 Trashed the economy (Embargo &
Bank War)
 1st prez of their party (Rep & Dem)
American Antebellum Changes
 In
the 1830s & 1840s, territorial
& technological growth led to
important changes in America:
– Improved transportation
– Rapid technological innovation
– A growing national economy
– Mass European immigration
– Desire for transcontinental
expansion (“Manifest Destiny”)
A Revolution in
Transportation
A Revolution in Transportation
 In
1816, Henry Clay’s American
System initiated federally funded
“internal improvements”
–The National Road became the
1st federal transportation project
–Thousands of private turnpikes
were built by entrepreneurs
–Roads were useful but they did
not meet the demand for lowcost, over-land transportation
America's 1st Turnpike:
Lancaster, PA 1790
By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads
connected most major cities
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Principle
Canals
by 1840
Steamboats
& canals
stimulated
commercial
agriculture by providing for the free-flow of
manufactured goods to the West
Steamboats & Canals
Steamboats provided
 Mississippi
& Ohioupstream
Rivers shipping
helped
with
reduce
costs
&
increased
speeds
farmers get their goods to the
East but there was no way to get
manufactured goods to the West:
–Fulton’s invention of steamboats
helped connect the West with
Northern manufacturing
–State-directed canal projects cut
shipping costs by 90% between
the West & the North
Robert Fulton’ s Steamboat
The Clermont
The Erie Canal (1825) provided
the 1st link between East & West
The Erie Canal made
New York City the commercial
capital of the U.S.
Inland
Freight
Rates
The Railroad
 From
1840 to 1860, the greatest
new transportation advance was
the expansion of railroads
–In 1840s, railroads began to
challenge canals’ dominance
–Stimulated industrial &
commercial agricultural growth
–Led to new forms of finance,
such as “preferred stock” &
state & local gov’t subsidies
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
Railroad Expansion by 1860
The
The Expansion of Railroads
by Railroad
Region
Revolution,
1850s
 Immigrant
labor built
railroads in
the North
 Slave labor
built railroads
in the South
Transportation
Revolution by
1840:
Rivers, Roads,
Canals, &
Railroads
Jackson’s assault on the 2nd BUS in the 1830s,
killed Clay’s “American System” but it did
not stop transportation improvements
The
Market Revolution
The Industrial Revolution Booms
 In
the 1840s, American industrial
production became more efficient:
–Due to numerous industrial
innovations, growth of factories,
& a demand for goods from
farmers in West & South
–Led to an increased division of
labor & urbanization in the North
& an increase in staple-crop
commercial farming
Rise of Commercial Agriculture
Ohio,
NY,antebellum
& PA specialized
in wheat
while
 The
era saw
a boom
the
South
grew
tobacco,
rice,
&
cotton
in specialized, staple-crop,
“commercial” farming due to:
–Lower transportation costs
–New agricultural innovations like
McCormick’s mechanical reaper,
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the
steel plow, thresher, & cultivator
–The use of long-distance
marketing & credit to sell crops
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793
Actually invented
by a slave!
John Deere & the Steel Plow
Cyrus McCormick
& the Mechanical Reaper
Early Industrialism
 In
1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing
was made by women at home in
the “putting out” system
 By 1840, textile manufacturing
“Cottage
Industry” in New England,
grew, especially
due to Brought
a seriesfamilies
of new
inventions
extra
income
–The most famous factory was
the Lowell Mill in Boston
–Still, only 9% of Americans were
involved in manufacturing
Early
Samuel Slater
Textile
(“Father of the Factory System”)
Loom
Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s
Sewing Machine
Eli Whitney’s Other Critical Invention
Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts
(Two
more
critical
inventions
of
the
era
that
Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858
have little to do with the Market Revolution)
Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840
Lowell
Boarding
Houses
The
Lowell
System:
The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
Lowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”
New England
Dominance in
Textiles
 Essential
Question:
–What problems developed as a
result of American industrialism
& immigration from 1840-1860?
 RQ
12A (p. 382-395)
The Market Revolution
 By
1840, improved transportation
& innovation reduced time & cost
to ship goods & allowed for a
Northern industry
national market economy:
Southern cotton production
–U.S.
developed
a
self-sustaining
Western commercial farming
national economy of commercial
farming & manufactured goods
–But, the U.S. economy was
driven by regional specialization
The Antebellum
South
America in
Cotton production
divided society in the
Deep South:
–Large plantations
with lots of slaves
made good money
–Poor yeoman (with
few or no slaves)
mixed commercial
& subsistence
farming
1840
Slave
Slave
Population,
Population,
1860
1820
1840
The Antebellum
Westin
America
Land was cheap
Settlers transformed
the West from
wilderness to cashproducing farms:
–Wheat & corn
–Hogs & cattle
Better transportation
made it easier for
farmers to get their
goods to market
1840
America in 1840
The Antebellum North
 Shifted from yeoman
to small commercial
farming
 Made manufactured
goods for farmers in
the West & South
 Experienced rapid
urbanization
U.S.
Urban
Centers
American
American Population
Population Centers
Centers in
in 1820
1860
The Market Revolution
 New
innovations made work
easier & improved American
industry & agriculture
 However, the U.S. was not an
“industrial society” in the 1840s
–60% of the population were still
involved in farming
–Most production was still done
traditionally in small workshops
Mass Immigration
Begins
Mass Immigration Begins
 From
1840 & 1860, 4 million Irish
& Germans immigrated to America
 Motivations for immigration:
–Most came for higher wages in
northern industrial jobs
–The potato blight from 18451854 brought 1.5 million Irish
immigrants
–Low fares on trans-Atlantic
ships made access easier
Where
Farmersdid immigrants go?
Immigration
to the US
1820-1860
Gold miners
Industrial
workers
Cotton farming
& cattle
Mass Immigration Begins
In 1836, 4% of the Lowell Mill workers were
 Immigrants
filled
low-paying
jobs
foreign-born;
By 1860
62%
were foreign-born
in northern cities or migrated into
the West to become farmers
–This vast pool of cheap labor
provided fuel for the U.S.
Industrial Revolution in 1850s
–In the 1840s, factory labor began
to shift from American women &
children to immigrant men
Mass Immigration Begins
 Low
immigrant wages contributed
to urban slums where poverty,
disease, & crime were common
 This influx of immigration led to
urban reform movements:
–Provided police forces, sanitized
water, sewage disposal, &
Affluent cityhousing
dwellers standards
moved
improved
to America’s 1st suburbs
–But the immigrant poor were
largely unaffected by the results
Anti-Immigrant Reaction
 Immigrant
groups were met with
prejudice (esp the Irish Catholics)
& tension in 1840s & 1850s
 Nativism emerged among
American-born citizens:
–Suspicion of the new ethnic
neighborhoods & alien cultures
–Led to bloody anti-Catholic riots,
charges of despotism, & antiIrish propaganda
The “Know-Nothing” Party
Nativist
propaganda
targeting
Anti-Catholic
“Native
American”
mob battling
the state
militia
Philadelphia
in 1844
German
&inIrish
immigrants
Conclusions
 In
the 1830s & 1840s, the USA
was growing more democratic &
economically self-sufficient:
–Innovation & transportation
improvements connected regional
specialization into a nation market
economy
–This economic growth will
stimulate a sense of “manifest
destiny” into the West & sectional
divisions between North & South
American Immigration & Nativism Activity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
How many people came from England in 1820?
What countries sent more than 300 immigrants
in 1820?
What do these countries have in common?
What is the total number of immigrants who
came from Italy, Russia, & Poland in 1820?
Other than Great Britain, what 2 countries sent
the most immigrants in 1850? Why?
How many Africans came in 1850? Why?
Nativism began in the 1840s. What group
would have been its first victim? Why?
American Immigration & Nativism Discussion

Based upon what you know about
America in the 1830s & 1840s, how would
you define the “American ideal”?
– What is the “ideal” for wealthy
aristocrats? For the “common man”?
– What is the American ideal for people
outside of the United States?
– At what point can an immigrant
consider himself an “American”?
 Compare each of your answers with the
reality that existed for each group.
American Industry
in the Age of Jackson
Activity
The Early American
Industrial Revolution
Group Activity
ABC APUSH Review
 In
groups of two, teams must
provide an accurate sentence
regarding an event/theme in
American history for each letter of
the alphabet:
–A…Adams was the only
Federalist president, etc.
–Sentences must begin with
nouns, not verbs or adjectives