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Chapter 10.2 The Spread of Islam Quiz
1.
Who was Abu-Bakr? (Time Period, Location, Key Achievements)
7 th century…Arabian Peninsula
Abu-Bakr took over as the first caliph in 632, after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Abu-
Bakr worked to uphold Islam, and sent a military to bring dissenters back into the Muslim
Empire.
2.
What were 2 causes and 2 effects of the Sunni-Shi’a division in Islam?
 Causes: Disagreements on who should be the rightful successors to the Prophet
Muhammad

The violent death of Uthman

The assassination of Ali, and the failed assassination of Muawiya
 Effects: Permanent split in Islam between Sunni and Shi’a
 Animosity between the 2 sects which continues to this day

Sunni believe any devout Muslim can be the caliph…Shi’a believe the caliph must be a blood relation to the Prophet Muhammad
3.
What were 2 similarities and 2 differences between the Umayyad and Abbasid
Caliphates?
Similarities:

Both were Sunni Muslim
 Both helped to spread Islam in newly conquered territories
 Both supported learning and scholarship

Both used the Qur’an
 Both caliphates
Differences:
 The Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasids and the Abbasids were overthrown by the Mongols

The Umayyads spread into Spain
 The Umayyads used Arabic, but the Abbasids used Persian more


The Umayyad capital was in Damascus, the Abbasid capital was in Baghdad
Chapter 10.2 The Spread of Islam
I.
Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
 The Prophet Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed his followers how to choose one. o Abu-Bakr elected the first caliph (“successor”) loyal friend of Muhammad and respected for his devotion to Islam o 632 CE- Abu-Bakr first Caliph
A.
“Rightly Guided” Caliphs

Abu-Bakr followed by Umar, Uthman, and Ali (all had known Muhammad)

Used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership…”rightly guided” caliphs

Rule= caliphate

Abu-Bakr promised to uphold Muhammad’s goals
 Shortly after the Prophet’s death, some tribes on the Arabian Peninsula abandoned
Islam…others refused to pay taxes…few individuals declared themselves prophets

2 years- Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert the authority of Muhammad’s successors in the Muslim community…effective mobile army

Abu-Bakr died in 634…Muslim state controlled all of Arabia
 Umar (2 nd caliph), armies conquered Syria and lower Egypt (part of Byzantine
Empire)…also parts of Persian Empire

Uthman and Ali continued to expand Muslim territory both eastward and westward…gained the support of military and naval forces of the conquered lands…then used them in further conquests

750- empire stretched from Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River: 6,000 miles
B.
Reasons for Success

Muslims of the day saw military victories as a sign of Allah’s support of Islam
 Muslim armies were well disciplined and expertly commanded

Also, the weakness of the Byzantine and Persian empires…exhausted militarily by conflict with each other
 Also many of those people under the Byzantine or Persian empires that had been persecuted for not following the State religions of Christianity or Zoroastrianism saw the
Muslims as liberators
C.
Treatment of Conquered Peoples
 Many conquered peoples converted to Islam o Appeal of the message of Islam

o Economic benefit of Muslims of not having to pay the poll tax (izra) o Qur’an forbade forced conversion o Muslims allowed conquered peoples to retain their own religion, but they could not fight in the Muslim army, and had to pay a poll tax each year for the exemption o Christians and Jews “people of the book” o Christians and Jews were not allowed to spread their religion, but they could serve as officials, scholars, and bureaucrats in the Muslim state
II.
Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis

Muslim community had difficulty maintaining a unified rule
 Uthman was murdered in 656…triggered a Civil War…
 Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, was chosen caliph…his right to rule was challenged by Muawiya, a governor of Syria who then declared himself caliph

661 Third party attempted to settle the dispute by assassinating both Ali and Muawiya, but only succeeded in assassinating Ali o Elective system of choosing a caliph died with Ali

Umayyad family came to power…set up a hereditary system of succession… o Muslim Capital was moved to Damascus, Syria o Umayyads abandoned the simple life of previous caliphs and surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony
A.
Sunni-Shi’a Split
 To maintain peace, the majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyads’ rule.
 A minority continued to resist
 Shi’a (party of Ali) resisted the Umayyads and believe that the caliph needed to be a relative of the Prophet (Ali had been the Prophet Muhammad’s cousin)

Sunni- believe any devout Muslim can be the caliph
 Suffi- reacted to the luxurious life of the Umayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path o Suffis tried to achieve direct personal contact with God through mystical means, such as meditation, chanting, dancing (whirling dervishes) o Sufis played an important role in keeping Muslims focused on the Qur’an and tradition o Sufis were also active as missionaries in newly conquered lands, and helped spread Islam
 Growth of Scholarship…study of the traditions of Muhammad, Arabic language, and development of schools of shari’a established standards of Islamic conduct

Vigorous religious and political opposition to the Umayyad caliphate led to its downfall

Rebel groups overthrew the Umayyads in the year 750, Abbasids took control

III.
Muslims Control Areas of Three Continents

Abbasids came to power in 750, and murdered the remaining members of the Umayyad family
 Prince Abd al-Rahman escaped and fled to Spain where he set up another Umayyad
Dynasty o Spain had already been conquered by the Muslim Berbers from North Africa o Berbers were led by Tariq…rock peninsula named after him Jabal Tariq- Gibraltar o Berber armies advanced towards Paris, but were halted at the Battle of Tours in
732CE…Berbers then settled back into southern Spain in Muslim state of al-
Andalus
A.
Abbasids Consolidate Power
 Abbasid’s strength lay in the former Persian lands, (Iraq, Iran, and central Asia).

762 capital was moved to Baghdad, Iraq…located on key trade routes and gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold and information
 Abbasids developed a strong bureaucracy to conduct the huge empire’s affairs o Treasury kept track of money flow o Chancery prepared letters and documents o Special department managed the business of the army o Diplomats from empire were sent to courts in Europe (ex: Charlemagne’s court) o Abbasids taxed land, imports, and exports, and non-Muslims’ wealth
B.
Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
 Abbasid caliphate lasted from 750-1258 (when Baghdad was conquered by the
Mongols)

Abbasids increased their authority by consulting religious leaders

Failed to keep complete political control of the immense territory
 Independent Muslim states sprang up
 Fatimid Dynasty (named after Muhammad’s daughter Fatima), began in North Africa and spread across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria

Politically divided, but still unified by religion, language, trade, and economy
C.
Muslim Trade Network
 Two major sea-trading zones (Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean) linked the Muslim
Empire into a world system of trade by sea

Land network connected the Silk Roads of China and India with Europe and Africa o Language: Arabic o Currency: Abbasid Dinar


Muslim money changers set up banks in cities throughout the empire to encourage the flow of trade

Banks offered letters of credit, called sakks (checks) to merchants
 One end of Muslim Empire was Cordoba in al-Andalus o Population of 500,000 o Cosmopolitan atmosphere… mix of Muslims, Christians, and Jews o Poets, philosophers, scientists and doctors o Many non-Muslims adopted the Arabic language and Muslim customs o 70 libraries, 700 mosques, 27 free schools