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Chapter 5.3 Reading Quiz
1. What were the causes and effects of the
Peloponnesian War?
Peloponnesian War: (431 to 404BCE)
Between Sparta and the Peloponnesian League vs.
Athens and the Delian League
Sparta believed Athens was using the Delian League
treasury in unauthorized ways and trying to create
an empire
Athens strong naval power, Sparta strong land
power…Sparta benefited from a plague in Athens,
and the defeat of the Athenian Navy at
Syracuse…ended 27 years later with a Spartan
victory
According to legend, the Spartans forced the
Athenians to take down their wall as they mocked
them
Results/ Effects: The Greek city-states were
weakened…led to Thebes taking over, and
eventually Philip of Macedonia
2. Who was Pericles? (Time Period, Location, Key
Achievements)
494?-429BCE, Athens, considered a great leader for
Athens, fought in the Battle of Salamis against the
Persians, worked on rebuilding Athens, great
orator…Funeral Oration…died in the plague of
Athens during the Peloponnesian War
3. Write the correct philosopher next to the
quote that is attributed to them…
“Philosophy begins in wonder.”
______Plato_____________________
“He who studies how things originated and came
into being…will achieve the clearest view of
them.”
_____Aristotle___________________
“There is only one good, knowledge; and one evil,
ignorance.”
________Socrates________________
Chapter 5.3: Democracy and Greece’s Golden
Age
I. Pericles’ Three Goals for Athens
 Pericles led Athens during its golden age…great
statesman…honest and fair
o Had support for 32 years
o Skillful politician, inspiring speaker, and
respected general
o 461-429BCE: Age of Pericles
 Three Goals of Pericles
o 1. Strengthen Athenian democracy
o 2. Hold and Strengthen the empire
o 3. To glorify Athens
A.
Stronger Democracy
 To strengthen the democracy…Pericles
increased the number of paid public officials
(salaries)
o Earlier, only wealthier citizens could afford
to hold public office, because most
positions were unpaid
o Even poorest could serve, if elected or
chosen by lot
 Athens had more citizens engaged in selfgovernment than any other city-state…Athens
was one of the most democratic governments
in history…however, women, foreigners, and
slaves were still excluded
 Direct Democracy: citizens rule directly (chosen
by lot)
 Athens: male citizens served in the assembly
established all the important government
policies that affected the polis
 Pericles’ Funeral Oration: for the slain soldiers
killed in the 1st year of the Peloponnesian War
o “What counts is not membership in a
particular class, but the actual ability which
the man possesses. No one, so long as he
has it in him to be of service to the state, is
kept in political obscurity because of
poverty.”
B.Athenian Empire
 Pericles tried to enlarge the wealth and power
of Athens
 Used money from Delian League’s treasure to
build a 200 ship navy…and rebuild Athens after
the Persian War
C. Glorifying Athens
 Pericles also used money from Delian League to
beautify Athens
 Without Delian League’s approval, persuaded
the Athenian assembly to vote huge sums of the
league’s money to buy gold, ivory, and
marble…also pay the artisans
 Built the Parthenon (447-432BCE)
II. Greek Styles in Art
 23,000 square foot building…traditional
style…temple built to honor the goddess
Athena…doric columns
A.
Greek Sculpture
 Within the Parthenon stood a giant statue of
Athena, goddess of wisdom and protector of
Athens.
 Pericles entrusted much of the work on the
temple, including the statue of Athena to
PHIDIAS
o Statue of Athena was 38 feet tall
 Sculptures during this time were graceful,
strong, and perfectly formed…faces of
serenity…idealized human body in motion
 Classical Art: values of order, balance,
proportion
III. Greek Drama
 Greeks invented drama, and built the first
theatres in the west.
 Expressions of civic pride and tribute to the
gods
 As part of civic duty, wealthy citizens bore the
cost for producing the plays (patrons)
 Greeks wrote two kinds of drama- tragedy and
comedy
A.
Tragedy
 Tragedy was a serious drama about common
themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal
 Dramas featured a main character: tragic
hero…important person, gifted with
extraordinary abilities
 Tragic flaw- error in judgment or personality
defect usually caused the hero’s downfall
o Ex: Hubris= excessive pride
 Aeschylus: most famous work is The Oresteia
trilogy…7/80 survive
o Based on the family of Agamemnon,
commander of the Greeks at Troy
 Sophocles- wrote about 100 plays, including
Oedipus Rex and Antigone
 Euripides: play Medea…often had sympathetic
portrayals of women in his plays
B.Comedy
 Comedy contained scenes filled with slapstick
situations and crude humor
 Satires: works that poke fun at a subject…made
fun of customs, politics, respected people, or
ideas of the time
 Aristophanes: The Clouds, The Birds, and
Lysistrata
o Lysistrata= women of Athens forcing their
husbands to end the Peloponnesian War
IV. Spartans and Athenians Go to War
 Hostilities increased between Sparta and
Athens when Athens evolved into a vast naval
empire
 Many leaders on both sides pressed for war,
both sides thought they’d win
A.
Peloponnesian War
 Sparta declared war against Athens in 431BCE
 Peloponnesian War- between Sparta and
Athens
 Athens had the advantage at sea, Sparta had
the advantage on land
 Pericles’ strategy was to avoid land battles with
the Spartan army, and wait to attack Sparta’s
allies from the sea
 Eventually, Spartans marched into Athenian
territory…swept the countryside…burned
Athenians’ local food supply
 Pericles brought residents from countryside
inside the city walls…city was safe from hunger,
as long as ships could sail into port with food
(but not safe from disease)
B.Sparta Gains the Edge
 2nd year of the war: plague killed 1/3 to 2/3 of
Athens’ population, including Pericles.
 415BCE- Athenian assembly sent a huge fleet,
with 27,000 soldiers to destroy the polis of
Syracuse, (one of Sparta’s allies)…413BCE
o Athenian historian Thucydides “there was
nothing that was not destroyed, and few
out of many returned home.”
o 404BCE- Athens and its allies surrendered
C. War Brings Political Changes
 After 27 years of war, Athens lost its empire,
power, and wealth
o General confidence in democracy began to
waver as well
V. Philosophers Search for Truth
 Philosophers: “lovers of wisdom”
 Greek thinkers assumptions:
o 1. The universe (land, sky, and sea) is put
together in an orderly way, subject to
absolute and unchanging laws.
o 2. People can understand these laws
through logic and reason
 Sophists: questioned people’s unexamined
beliefs and ideas about justice and other
traditional values
o Famous Sophists: Protagoras…questioned
the existence of the traditional Greek gods
o Believed in Relative Truth (what is wrong to
one person, is not necessarily wrong to
somebody else…ex: is it wrong to steal
food? Is it wrong to steal food to feed your
starving family?
A.
Socrates- 469-399BCE
 Critic of the Sophists…Socrates believed in
Absolute Truth
 Socrates encouraged Greeks to go further and
question themselves and their moral character.
 “The unexamined life is not worth living,” –
Socrates
 399BCE- Socrates was about 70 years old, and
put on trial for “corrupting the youth of Athens
and neglecting the city’s gods.”
o Socrates believed he forced people to think
about their own values and actions
o Jury disagreed and sentenced him to
death…Socrates accepted his punishment,
and drank hemlock
 Socratic Method…”There is only one good,
knowledge; and only one evil, ignorance”
B.Plato 427-347BCE
 Student of Socrates…was about 28 when
Socrates died
 Plato’s most famous book, The Republic,
recorded between 385 and 380 BCE
o Vision of a perfectly governed society (not a
democracy!)
o Ideal society…all citizens would fall naturally
into 3 groups: farmers and artisans,
warriors, and the ruling class.
o Led by Philosopher- King ( the person with
the greatest insight and intellect from the
ruling class)
 Founded a school in Athens called The Academy
in 387BCE
 “Philosophy begins in wonder.”- Plato
C. Aristotle 384-322BCE
 Student of Plato
 Aristotle questioned the nature of the world
and of human belief, thought, and knowledge
 Method of arguing according to the rules of
logic…basis of the scientific method
 Aristotle’s famous pupil was Alexander, son of
King Philip of Macedonia
 343BCE- Aristotle became Alexander’s
tutor…until 336BCE
 Began his own school in Athens, called the
Lyceum
 “He who studies how things originated and
came into being…will achieve the clearest view
of them.”