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Chapter 4.1 Reading Quiz
1. Who was Hatshepsut? (Time Period,
Location, Key Achievements)
Reigned from 1472-1458BCE, New Kingdom
of Egypt, female pharaoh who ruled on behalf
of her stepson…encouraged trade…may have
been murdered by her stepson, Thutmose III,
sometimes wore a ceremonial beard
2. Compare and Contrast Kush and Egypt
(minimum of 2 similarities and 2 differences)
Similarities: Both relied on the Nile
River…Egypt in Lower Egypt, Nubia in Upper
Egypt…Conflict between Egypt and Kush,
both ruled each other’s territory at one
point…both built pyramids
Differences: Kushite pyramids had steeper
sides…traded different items…Kerma had
burial chambers that were larger than
Egyptians…Kush had more rainfall than Egypt
3. Who was Piankhi? (Time Period, Location,
Key Achievements)
Kushite King, 751BCE led an army down the
Nile and overthrew the Libyan
dynasty…Kushite rule for 200 years…united
the Nile Valley
Movie Notes: National Geographic- Modern
Mummification
Chapter 4.1: The Empires of Egypt and
Nubia Collide
I. The New Kingdom of Egypt
 After prosperity of Middle Kingdom,
Egypt descended into war a violence
(again)
 Invasion by the Hyksos (nomads armed
with chariots)- conquered Egypt and
ruled from 1640-1570BCE
 1600BCE- Queen Ahhotep: helped to
drive out the Hyksos…Kamos (next
pharaoh) won a great victory…successors
then drove the Hyksos into Palestine
 New Kingdom (1570-1075BCE)…Egypt
even more powerful and wealthier
A.
Egypt’s Empire Builders in the New
Kingdom
 improved technology: bronze weapons
and 2 wheeled chariots
 18th Dynasty (1570-1365BCE) set up an
army with archers, charioteers, and
infantry…added blue battle crown to red
and white crowns
 Hatshepsut- 1472-1458BCE: declared
herself pharaoh…took over for young
nephew…encouraged trade…sometimes
wore a ceremonial beard
 Thutmose III (Hatshepsut’s
stepson)…possibly murdered
Hatshepsut…led victorious invasions into
Palestine and Syria…Egyptian armies
pushed farther south into Nubia…died
around 1425BCE
 Southern border of Nubia= Blue Nile
 Egyptian soldiers: brought back gold,
cattle, ivory, and enslaved captives from
Nubia
 New Kingdom pharaohs, some of the most
powerful in Egyptian history
B.The Egyptians and the Hittites
 By 1400BCE- Egyptian armies crossed the
Sinai Peninsula and conquered parts of
Syria and Palestine
 Egyptians in conflict with Hittites
 Battle of Kadesh: 1285BCE- Egyptians and
Hittites fought to a standstill…Pharaoh
Ramses II and Hittite king made a peace
treaty- “peace and brotherhood between
us forever”
C. An Age of Builders
 New Kingdom pharaohs also erected
monumental architecture: palaces,
temples, tombs
o Tombs beneath desert cliffs
o Valley of the Kings near Thebes
o Pharaoh means “great house”
 Ramses II: 1290 to 1224BCE: great
builders of New Kingdom…lived to 99,
fathered 150 children…Temple to Amon
at Karnak…temple at Abu Simbel…statues
of himself…buildings weren’t as skillfully
built as those of Old Kingdom
II. The Empire Declines
 Empire declined after about 1200BCE as
other civilizations challenged Egypt’s
power…invasions on eastern
Mediterranean after death of Ramses II
A.
Invasions by Land and Sea
 Both Egyptians and Hittite Kingdoms
were attacked by “the People of the
Sea”…possibly the Philistines
B.Egypt’s Empire Fades
 After invasions, Egypt never recovered its
previous power
 Egypt broke into regional
units…numerous small kingdoms
arose…prince treated Egyptian officials
with contempt
 Egypt fell to invasions…Libyans
established independent dynasties and
ruled Egypt from 950 to 730BCE
o Adopted Egyptian ways
 Nubians also invaded and adopted
Egyptian religion, manners, and culture
III. The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region
 Nubia: area along upper Nile, south of
Egypt…source of products and slaves for
Egypt
 Nubian kingdom of Kush…dominated by
Egypt from 2000 to 1000BCE
 With Egyptian decline, Kush emerged as a
regional power and established a Kushite
dynasty on Egyptian throne
 Captial of Kush: Napata
A.
The People of Nubia
 Nubia: South of Egypt- between first
cataract of Nile and division of river into
Blue and White Niles
 Used river for North- South Trade and
included African interior
 First Nubian Kingdom= Kerma…kings
buried in large chambers…prospered
during Egypt’s Hyksos period
B.The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia
 Kush: next Nubian kingdom…ruled by
Egypt during New Kingdom
 Napata: center for spread of Egyptian
culture to Kush’s other African trading
partners
 Kushite princes to Egypt…learned
Egyptian language and religion…clothing,
pyramids
 With Egypt’s decline, Kush regained its
independence around 1100BCE
 Kushites considered themselves
guardians of Egyptian values…sought to
conquer Egypt and oust the Libyan rulers
C. Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne
 751BCE: Kushite King Piankhi- led an
army down the Nile and overthrew the
Libyan dynasty…united the entire Nile
Valley from delta to Napata…Piankhi and
descendants became Egypt’s 25th Dynasty
 671BCE: Assyrians (warlike people from
Southwest Asia) conquered
Egypt…Kushites retreated and
experienced a golden age
IV. The Golden Age of Meroe
 Kushite family moved south to
Meroe…closer to Red Sea…active in trade
between Africa, Arabia, and India
A.
The Wealth of Kush
 significant rainfall in Meroe…abundant
supplies of iron ore…major center for the
manufacture of iron weapons and tools
 mineral wealth flowed out…luxury goods
from India and Arabia flowed in
 Kushite kings lived like
pharaohs…afterlife in pharaohs
 Difference: succession of Kushite kings
determined by the agreement of the
leaders and nobles
B.
* 250 to 150BCE: Meroe began to
decline…rise of Aksum contributed to fall
Aksum dominated North African
trade…defeated Meroe around 350AD
 The Assyrians…
