Name:
ANCIENT WORLD HISTORY
UNIT ONE: Beginnings of Civilization 4 million B.C. to 200 B.C.
CHAPTER ONE: The Peopling of the World, Prehistory –2500 B.C.
Section 1: Human Origins in Africa
TERMS & NAMES
• artifact
• culture
• hominid
• Paleolithic Age
• Neolithic Age
• technology
• Homo sapiens
Interaction with Environment
The following skills—tool making, the use of fire, and the development of language gave hominids
control over their environment? Explain how.
Section 2: Humans Try to Control Nature
TERMS & NAMES
• nomad
• hunter-gatherer
• Neolithic Revolution
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• slash-and-burn farming
• domestication
HYPOTHESIZING
Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different
places?
Section 3: Civilization
CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer
TERMS & NAMES
• civilization
• specialization
• artisan
• institution
• scribe
• cuneiform
• Bronze Age
• barter
• ziggurat
List the five characteristics of civilization and give an example from Ur.
Characteristics of Civilization
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Example from Ur
MAKING INFERENCES
In what ways does the ziggurat of Ur reveal that Sumerians had developed an advanced civilization?
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THEME ACTIVITY
Economics: Write a monologue explaining how a character from Ur who has a specialized skill, such as
an artisan, a trader, or a scribe contributes to the economic welfare of the city.
CHAPTER ONE FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
REVIEW QUESTIONS
SECTION 1 (pages 7–11)
Human Origins in Africa
What kinds of evidence do archaeologists, anthropologists, and paleontologists study to find out how
prehistoric people lived?
Why did the ability to walk upright and the development of the opposable thumb represent
important breakthroughs for early hominids?
Why is the prehistoric period called the Stone Age?
What evidence supports archaeologists’ beliefs that Neanderthals developed a form of religion?
SECTION 2 (pages 12–16)
Humans Try to Control Nature
Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?
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What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled life
of farmers?
In what areas of the world did agriculture first develop?
SECTION 3 (pages 17–21)
PATTERNS OF CHANGE: CIVILIZATION
What economic changes resulted from food surpluses in agricultural villages?
Why did the growth of civilization make government necessary?
Why did a system of record keeping develop in civilizations?
Study this cave painting created during the Stone Age in Argentina.
What is depicted in the painting?
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What do you think the hands represent?
Do you think the painting portrays a scene from daily life, represents religious beliefs, or shows an
illustrated story about an important event? Support your answer with reasons.
Chapter Two: Early River Valley Civilizations, 3500 B.C.–450 B.C.
Section 1: City-States in Mesopotamia
TERMS & NAMES
• Fertile Crescent
• silt
• irrigation
• city-state
• dynasty
• cultural diffusion
• polytheism
• empire
• Hammurabi
TAKING NOTES
In the chart below list three environmental challenges the Sumerians faced and their solutions to
these challenges.
Challenges
Solutions
1.
2.
3.
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MAKING INFERENCES
What advantages did living in cities offer the people of ancient Mesopotamia? Do modern cities
offer any of the same advantages? Support your answer with references to the text.
Section 2: Pyramids on the Nile
TERMS & NAMES
Identify
• cataract
• delta
• Menes
• pharaoh
• theocracy
• pyramid
• mummification
• hieroglyphics
• papyrus
TAKING NOTES
LIST WHAT YOU BELIEVE THE MOST IMPORTANT EGYPTIAN ACHIEVEMENTS WERE. (At least 4)
1.
2.
3.
4.
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
Look at the map on page 34. Three natural features determined the boundaries of ancient Egyptian
civilization: the Nile River, the First Cataract, and the surrounding desert. In your judgment, why were
these features important to Egypt’s history?
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Section 3: Planned Cities on the Indus
TERMS & NAMES
• subcontinent
• monsoon
TAKING NOTES
In the left column below, list the environmental conditions faced by the people of the Indus Valley.
Next to each condition, in the right column, put a plus sign (+) if it was a benefit or a minus sign (–) if it
was a drawback.
Environmental Conditions
Benefit (+)
Drawback (-)
1.
2.
3.
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
Historians hold the following beliefs about Indus civilization:
(a) The cities were run by a strong central government.
(b) Indus people carried on trade with Sumer.
(c) Society was generally peaceful and stable.
What evidence has led them to believe this?
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Section 4: River Dynasties in China
TERMS & NAMES
• loess
• oracle bone
• Mandate of Heaven
• dynastic cycle
• feudalism
ANALYZING
The group was often more important than the individual in Chinese culture. In your judgment, what
are the benefits and drawbacks of this belief?
CHAPTER TWO FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
REVIEW QUESTIONS
SECTION 1 (pages 27–32)
City-States in Mesopotamia
What is the Fertile Crescent and why is it called that?
Name three disadvantages of Sumer’s natural environment.
What circumstances led to the beginning of organized government?
SECTION 2 (pages 33–41)
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Pyramids on the Nile
Why did the Egyptians build pyramids?
Herodotus remarked that Egypt was the “gift of the Nile.” What did he mean by this?
SECTION 3 (pages 42–45)
Planned Cities on the Indus
What does the uniformity of Indus Valley cities tell us about their government?
Give two reasons historians use to explain the downfall of Indus Valley cities.
SECTION 4 (pages 46–51)
River Dynasties in China
Why is it not surprising that China’s early settlements developed where they did?
What was the great advantage of the Chinese written language?
Explain the dynastic cycle in China.
ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES
The following is an excerpt from an ancient Egyptian hymn praising the Nile. Read the paragraph and
answer the questions below it.
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
The Lord of Fishes, He Who Makes the marsh birds to Go Upstream. There are no birds which come
down because of the hot winds. He who makes barley and brings emmer [a kind of wheat] into being,
that he may make the temples festive. If he is sluggish, then nostrils are stopped up, and everybody is
poor. If there be thus a cutting down in the food offerings of the gods, then a million men perish
among mortals, covetousness is practiced, the entire land is in a fury, and great and small are on the
execution-block. . . . When he rises, then the land is in jubilation, then every belly is in joy, every
backbone takes on laughter, and every tooth is exposed. “Hymn to the Nile,” from Ancient Near
Eastern Texts
How does this quote show the importance of the Nile?
What does the hymn show about ancient Egyptian culture?
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CHAPTER THREE: People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C.–259 B.C.
Section One: Indo-European Migrations
TERMS & NAMES
• Indo-Europeans
• steppes
• migration
• Hittites
• Anatolia
• Aryans
• Vedas
• Brahmin
• caste
• Mahabharata
TAKING NOTES
Fill in the names of some modern languages that stem from Indo-European roots. (At least 4.)
Indo-European
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Why did so many languages originate from Indo-European roots?
FORMING OPINIONS
What important contributions did the Aryan invaders make to the culture and way of life in India?
ANALYZING THEMES
Interaction with the Environment: For what environmental reasons might the Indo-Europeans have
migrated?
SECTION 2: Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism
TERMS & NAMES
• reincarnation
• karma
• Jainism
• Siddhartha Gautama
• enlightenment
• nirvana
TAKING NOTES
Compare Hindu and Buddhist beliefs and practices below.
Hinduism Only
Both
Buddhism Only
MAKING INFERENCES
How might the belief in reincarnation provide a form of social control?
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SECTION 3: Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries
TERMS & NAMES
• Minoans
• Aegean Sea
• Knossos
• King Minos
• Phoenicians
TAKING NOTES
Below is a list of accomplishments. Fill in the chart, identifying feats that were Minoan and those that
were Phoenician.
Feats
dominated trade (2000–1400 B.C.)
Minoan
Phoenician
set up numerous city-states
developed an alphabet
produced a famous purple dye
jumped over bulls for fun
produced fine painted pottery
EVALUATING SOURCES
Go back to page 69. Read Herodotus’s account of how the Phoenicians sailed around Africa. What
words show Herodotus’s doubt? Why do you think he expresses doubts?
SECTION 4: The Origins of Judaism
TERMS & NAMES
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• Palestine
• Canaan
• Torah
• Abraham
• monotheism
• covenant
• Moses
• Israel
• Judah
• tribute
CHAPTER THREE FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
SECTION 1 (pages 57–61)
Indo-European Migrations
Name three reasons that historians give to explain why Indo-Europeans migrated.
What are two technologies that helped the Hittites build their empire?
How were the Aryans different from the non-Aryans (dasas) that they encountered when migrating to
India?
SECTION 2 (pages 62–66)
Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism
In Hinduism, how are the ideas of karma, reincarnation, and moksha connected?
Why were lower castes more likely to convert to Buddhism?
SECTION 3 (pages 67–71)
Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries
What did the Minoans export?
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What is Phoenicia’s greatest legacy to the world?
SECTION 4 (pages 72–77)
The Origins of Judaism
What is ethical monotheism and why is it important?
What caused the division of Solomon’s kingdom?
Name two ways that early Judaism differed from other religions of the time.
CHAPTER FOUR: First Age of Empires, 1570 B.C.–200 B.C.
SECTION 1: The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide
TERMS & NAMES
• Hyksos
• New Kingdom
• Hatshepsut
• Thutmose III
• Nubia
• Ramses II
• Kush
• Piankhi
• Meroë
HISTORY THROUGH ART: Sculpture
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Comparing: What similarities can you see between the two portraits? What qualities do they
suggest in the rulers?
Planning a Portrait: What are some elements that you would include in a portrait of a
powerful person in today’s society?
On a separate piece of paper draw an ideal portrait of a powerful leader.
SECTION 2: Assyria Dominates the Fertile Crescent
TERMS & NAMES
• Assyria
• Sennacherib
• Nineveh
• Ashurbanipal
• Medes
• Chaldeans
• Nebuchadnezzar
TAKING NOTES
Create a diagram showing the causes of the rise and of the decline of Assyrian power.
Assyrian Military Power
CAUSES OF INCREASING POWER
CAUSES OF DECREASING POWER
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
SECTION 3: Persia Unites Many Lands
TERMS & NAMES
• Cyrus
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• Cambyses
• Darius
• satrap
• Royal Road
• Zoroaster
TAKING NOTES
Create a Venn diagram to show the similarities and differences between Cyrus and Darius.
CYRUS ONLY
BOTH
1.
2.
3.
Which of the differences do you consider most important? Why?
ANALYZING THEMES
Empire Building
How did Darius’s methods of administration give stability to his empire?
SECTION 4: An Empire Unifies China
TERMS & NAMES
• Confucius
• filial piety
• bureaucracy
• Daoism
• Legalism
• I Ching
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DARIUS ONLY
• yin and yang
• Qin dynasty
• Shi Huangdi
• autocracy
Chinese Ethical Systems
Confucianism
Daoism
• Social order, harmony, and • The natural order is
good government should be
more important than the
based on family
social order.
relationships.
• A universal force guides
• Respect for parents and
all things.
elders is important to a
• Human beings should live
well-ordered society.
simply and in harmony with
• Education is important both nature.
to the welfare of the
individual and to society.
SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Charts
Legalism
• A highly efficient and
powerful government is the
key to social order.
• Punishments are useful to
maintain social order.
• Thinkers and their ideas
should be strictly controlled
by the government.
1. Which of these three systems stress the importance of government and a well-ordered
society?
2. Which system emphasizes the natural order over the social order?
3. Which of these systems seems to be most moderate and balanced? Explain.
Yin and Yang
The symbol of yin and yang is a circle divided into halves, as shown in the emblem above. The
circle represents the harmony of yin (earth, female, passive) and yang (heaven, male, active).
Yin is represented by the tiger and the color orange; yang is represented by the dragon and
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the color blue. Ancient Chinese thinkers believed that pain is caused by an imbalance in the
body between the forces of yin and yang.
On a separate piece of paper draw a YIN/YANG and beneath list your own representations of
the YIN and the YANG.
THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA
Search on the internet for an article on The Great Wall of China. Summarize the article and
include a hand drawing of the Wall.
Chapter 4 Formative Assessment
TERMS & NAMES
Briefly explain the importance of each of the following to the first great age of empires.
1. Ramses II
2. Kush
3. Assyria
4. Ashurbanipal
5. Cyrus
6. Royal Road
7. Zoroaster
8. Confucius
9. Daoism
10. Shi Huangdi
SECTION 1 (pages 83–87)
The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide
11. How were the reigns of Thutmose III and Piankhi alike?
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12. Explain how the declines of the New Kingdom in Egypt and the Kushite empire in Meroë
were similar.
SECTION 2 (pages 88–91)
Assyria Dominates the Fertile Crescent
13. Why was the Assyrian military so powerful?
14. What were the positive achievements of the Assyrian Empire?
SECTION 3 (pages 92–96)
Persia Unites Many Lands
15. Give two examples to show the enlightened view of empire held by Cyrus.
16. How was Darius able to rule such a large empire with absolute power?
17. Summarize the beliefs of Zoroaster.
SECTION 4 (pages 97–101)
An Empire Unifies China
18. Why are the later years of the Zhou Dynasty called “the time of the warring states”?
19. Summarize differences in how Confucius, the Legalists, and Laozi viewed government.
20. How did the Great Wall help to unify China?
UNIT TWO: New Directions in Government and Society
2000 B.C.–A.D. 700
CHAPTER FIVE: Classical Greece, 2000 B.C.–300 B.C.
“Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of
the whole people.”
Pericles, an Athenian statesman
Using a separate piece of paper copy the above quote and its attribution. Use a design that
will highlight and emphasize the importance of these words.
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SECTION 1: Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea
TERMS & NAMES
• Mycenaeans
• Trojan War
• Dorians
• Homer
• epics
• myths
TAKING NOTES
Use the graph below on and fill in examples of how geography affected early Greek
civilization.
GEOGRAPHIC FEATURE
SEA
LAND
CLIMATE
EFFECTS
ANALYZING THEMES
Cultural Interaction
Why do you think that early Greek epics and myths are so well known and studied in today’s
society?
SECTION 2: Warring City-States
TERMS & NAMES
• polis
• acropolis
• monarchy
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• aristocracy
• oligarchy
• phalanx
• tyrant
• helot
• democracy
• Persian Wars
SPOTLIGHT ON
Warrior-Women
Greek myths of an army of fierce warrior-women called Amazons have thrilled readers for
Centuries. Legend has it that the Amazons fought and governed, while their husbands cooked
and cleaned. Skilled archers and swordswomen, Amazons were expected to kill before
marrying.
For centuries historians dismissed tales of the Amazons as fantasy. In 1997, however, Russian
and American archaeologists unearthed contrary evidence. In Pokrovka, Kazakhstan, they dug
up 44 burial mounds. Inside they found the skeletons of women buried with swords and iron
daggers. Scientists think these ancient women may have inspired Greek legend. These finds
have also cast new light on the roles of women in societies long ago.
On a separate piece of paper draw your version of a Warrior-Woman. Give her a name and
tell a brief tale of her heroic exploits.
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
Monarchy
• State ruled by a king
• Rule is hereditary
• Some rulers claim divine right
• Practiced in Mycenae (1450 B.C.)
Aristocracy
• State ruled by nobility
• Rule is hereditary and based on land ownership
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• Social status and wealth support rulers’ authority
• Practiced in Athens (594 B.C.)
Oligarchy
• State ruled by a small group of citizens
• Rule is based on wealth
• Ruling group controls military
• Practiced in Sparta (800–600 B.C.)
Direct Democracy
• State ruled by its citizens
• Rule is based on citizenship
• Majority rule decides vote
• Practiced in Athens (461 B.C.)
SKILLBUILDER:
Interpreting Charts
1. Which forms of government feature rule based on wealth or property ownership?
2. In which form of government do citizens have the most power?
CONTRASTING
How was living in Athens different from living in Sparta?
Search on the internet for an article on the Battle of Marathon. Summarize the article and
include at least one map and one drawing depicting the action.
SECTI0N 3: Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
TERMS & NAMES
• direct democracy
• classical art
• tragedy
• comedy
• Peloponnesian War
• philosophers
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• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristotle
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