Chapter Three
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Four Chambers
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Atrioventricular Valves
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Pulmonary Circulation
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Systemic Circulation
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Blood Pressure (<120/80)
◦ Atria
◦ Ventricles
◦ Mitral (bicuspid)
◦ Tricuspid
◦ Between heart and lungs
◦ Between heart and body
◦ Diastolic pressure (diastole)
◦ Systolic pressure (systole)
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Arteries
◦ Arterioles
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Veins
◦ Venules
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Capillaries
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Supplies O2
Rids of CO2
Pressure change
◦ Diaphragm
◦ Skeletal muscle
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Respiration Rate
◦ 12-20 breaths per min (at rest)
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Alveoli
◦ Gas exchange between lungs(capillaries)
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Energy is required to fuel all body functions
Metabolism
◦ Sum total of all chemical processes
◦ Metabolic rate
 Rate at which calories are expended

Food Energy
◦ Chemical energy from food energy
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ATP
◦ Chemical energy used directly by the cells

Immediate Energy System
◦ ATP-CP

Nonoxidative
◦ Anaerobic

Oxidative
◦ Aerobic


Very fast production of stored energy
Activities lasting <10 sec

Anaerobic (does not
require O2)
◦ Fast production of ATP
◦ Limited production of ATP
◦ Activities 10 sec. to 2
min.
◦ Fueled by
glucose/glycogen only
Sprinting, weight lifting, run
up stairs, sport activities

Aerobic (requires O2)
◦
◦
◦
◦
Slow production of ATP
Unlimited production ATP
Activities >2 min.
Fueled by all substrates
Walking, jogging, swimming,
daily life activities
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
VO2max
Relative VO2
◦ ml· kg-1· min-1
◦ True indication of fitness level

Resting values
◦
◦
◦
◦
Heart rate (HR)
Stroke volume (SV)
Cardiac Output (Q)
Q = HR x SV
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Increasing blood and
O2 supply
Blood production at
rest
Strengthening heart
muscle
Increasing heart cavity
size (in young adults)
Increasing blood
volume
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
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Reducing blood
pressure
Reducing resting HR
Reducing body fat
Reducing risk of
chronic disease
Increase HDL’s
Improved self image
Improved sleep,
anxiety levels and
depression

Frequency
◦ How often you should exercise to see improvement
in CR endurance
◦ 3-5 day per week
 <3 most will not see improvement
 >5 may increase injury rates

Intensity
◦ How vigorous an exercise bout should be to see
improvements in CR endurance
◦ Target Heart Rate (handout)
◦ 50 to 85% of HRR
◦ RPE

Time (duration)
◦ How long should an exercise bout last to see
improvement in CR endurance
◦ 20 – 60 min. @ THR

Type (mode)
◦ The type of activity/exercise that could improve CR
endurance
◦ Aerobic
◦ Long lasting (intervals work well also)
◦ >50% muscle mass
◦ Moderate to vigorous

Gradually prepare and recover body
◦ Increase/decrease BP
◦ Increase/decrease respiration rate
◦ Increase/decrease HR


5 to 10 min
Consider three factors
◦ Temperature of environment
◦ Intensity of exercise
◦ Fitness level of exerciser