 Monday – continued applications of property law



Different types of public ownership
Fugitive property – first possession vs. tied ownership
Temporary vs. permanent damages
 Limitations/exceptions to property rights:
 Adverse possession


Restraints on alienation
Private necessity
 Today: finish property law, begin contract law


HW 2 due next Monday (at start of lecture)
Midterm next Wednesday, in Bascom 272
1

 Property: “a bundle of rights”
 Can you unbundle them?
 Separate them, sell some and keep others
 Usually, no


Prohibition on perpetuities
I can’t separate the right to own/live on my land from the right to sell it or turn it into a golf course
 But in some instances, yes…
2

 Land ownership consisted of three separable pieces
(“ estates ”)
 Surface estate
 Support estate
 Mineral estate
3

 Free unbundling of property rights generally not allowed under common or civil law
4

 Free unbundling of property rights generally not allowed under common or civil law
 Efficiency: allow unbundling when it increases the value of the property?


But if re-bundling the rights is costly, maybe not
Unbundling  uncertainty about rights  harder to trade
5

 The government can take your property
 “Eminent domain”
 And the government can tell you what you can or can’t do with it
 Regulation
6

7

 One role of government: provide public goods


When public goods are privately provided  undersupply
Defense, roads and infrastructure, public parks, art, science…
 To do this, government needs land
 (which might already belong to someone else)
 In most countries, government has right of eminent domain
 Right to seize private property when the owner doesn’t want to sell
 This type of seizure also called a taking
8

 U.S. Constitution, Fifth Amendment: “…nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation .”
 Government can only seize private property for public use
 And only with just compensation
 Consistently interpreted to mean fair market value – what the owner would likely have been able to sell the property for
9

 Why allow takings?
10

 Why allow takings?
 Why these limitations?
 why require compensation?
11

 Why allow takings?
 Why these limitations?
 why require compensation?
$9 MM
$3 MM
$10 MM
$1 MM
12

 Why allow takings?
 Why these limitations?

 why require compensation?
why only for public use?
13

 Why allow takings?
 Why these limitations?

 why require compensation?
why only for public use?
 The government should only take private property (with compensation) to provide a public good when transaction costs preclude purchasing the necessary property through voluntary negotiations
14

 1981: GM was threatening to close Detroit plant
 Would cost city 6,000 jobs, millions in tax revenue
 City used eminent domain to condemn entire neighborhood



1,000 homeowners and 100 businesses forced to sell land then used for upgraded plant for GM city claimed employment and tax revenues were public goods, which justified use of eminent domain
 Mich Sup Ct: “Alleviating unemployment and revitalizing the economic base of the community” valid public purposes;
“the benefit to a private interest is merely incidental”


Overturned in 2004 ruling (Wayne v Hathcock)
Similar case, Kelo v. City of New London (2005 US Sup Ct)
15

 1981: GM was threatening to close Detroit plant
 Would cost city 6,000 jobs, millions in tax revenue
 City used eminent domain to condemn entire neighborhood



1,000 homeowners and 100 businesses forced to sell land then used for upgraded plant for GM city claimed employment and tax revenues were public goods, which justified use of eminent domain
 Mich Sup Ct: “Alleviating unemployment and revitalizing the economic base of the community” valid public purposes;
“the benefit to a private interest is merely incidental”


Overturned in 2004 ruling (Wayne v Hathcock)
Similar case, Kelo v. City of New London (2005 US Sup Ct)
16

17

18

 1800s: PA Coal purchased mineral and support estates, Mahon owned surface surface estate support estate
 1921: Kohler Act prohibited “mining of anthracite coal in such a way as to cause the subsidence of, among other things, any structure used as a human habitation.” mineral estate
 PA Coal sued government, claiming the regulation was same as seizing their land
(without compensation)
 “…While property may be regulated to a certain extent, if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking .”
19

 1800s: PA Coal purchased mineral and support estates, Mahon owned surface surface estate support estate
 1921: Kohler Act prohibited “mining of anthracite coal in such a way as to cause the subsidence of, among other things, any structure used as a human habitation.” mineral estate
 PA Coal sued government, claiming the regulation was same as seizing their land
(without compensation)
 “…While property may be regulated to a certain extent, if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking .”
20

 1800s: PA Coal purchased mineral and support estates, Mahon owned surface surface estate support estate
 1921: Kohler Act prohibited “mining of anthracite coal in such a way as to cause the subsidence of, among other things, any structure used as a human habitation.” mineral estate
 PA Coal sued government, claiming the regulation was same as seizing their land
(without compensation)
 “…While property may be regulated to a certain extent, if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking .”
21

 1800s: PA Coal purchased mineral and support estates, Mahon owned surface surface estate support estate
 1921: Kohler Act prohibited “mining of anthracite coal in such a way as to cause the subsidence of, among other things, any structure used as a human habitation.” mineral estate
 PA Coal sued government, claiming the regulation was same as seizing their land
(without compensation)
 “…While property may be regulated to a certain extent, if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking .”
22

“Compensation for
Takings: An Economic Analysis”
 Support compensation for regulatory takings




Shifting burden of regulation from owners of affected property to all taxpayers
Equivalent to selling everyone insurance against harmful regulation
If such insurance were available, people would buy it
But it’s not available, so government should provide it
23

“Compensation for
Takings: An Economic Analysis”
 Support compensation for regulatory takings




Shifting burden of regulation from owners of affected property to all taxpayers
Equivalent to selling everyone insurance against harmful regulation
If such insurance were available, people would buy it
But it’s not available, so government should provide it
24

“Compensation for
Takings: An Economic Analysis”
 Support compensation for regulatory takings




Shifting burden of regulation from owners of affected property to all taxpayers
Equivalent to selling everyone insurance against harmful regulation
If such insurance were available, people would buy it
But it’s not available, so government should provide it
25

 Zoning laws
 Distinguish industrial areas from residential areas
26

 Zoning laws
 Distinguish industrial areas from residential areas
 Nollan v California Coastal Commission (US Sup Ct, 1987)




Nollans owned coastal property
Asked for permit to expand building, which would diminish view
Commission: donate a public walking path, and you get permit
Supreme Court: such a deal only legal if there is clear connection – a nexus – between the harm being done and the remedy
27

 Zoning laws
 Distinguish industrial areas from residential areas
 Nollan v California Coastal Commission (US Sup Ct, 1987)




Nollans owned coastal property
Asked for permit to expand building, which would diminish view
Commission: donate a public walking path, and you get permit
Supreme Court: such a deal only legal if there is clear connection – a nexus – between the harm being done and the remedy
28

 What are benefits and costs of…


 having property rights at all?
expanding property rights to cover more things?
introducing an exception/limitation to property rights?
 When will benefits outweigh the costs?
End of material on first midterm
 Up next: contract law
29

 Some transactions don’t occur all at once
 I’m flying to Boston for Thanksgiving…
 …or I hire someone to paint my house…
30

 Some transactions don’t occur all at once
 I’m flying to Boston for Thanksgiving…


…or I hire someone to paint my house…
…or you can get $10 for a purple poker chip, but don’t have any cash on you right now to buy it from someone with a lower number
 A contract is a promise …
 …which enables trade when transactions aren’t concluded immediately
31

Player 2 (me)
Trust me
Player 1 (you)
Don’t
(100, 0)
Share profits Keep all the money
(150, 50) (0, 200)
 Subgame perfect equilibrium: I’ll keep all the money; so you don’t trust me


Inefficient outcome (100 < 200)
And we’re both worse off
32

33

Player 2 (me)
Trust me
Player 1 (you)
Don’t
(100, 0)
Share profits Keep all the money
(150, 50) (125, 25)
 Now we get cooperation (and efficiency)
 Purpose of contract law: to allow trade in situations where this requires credible promises
34

 “The rich uncle of a struggling college student learns at the graduation party that his nephew graduated with honors. Swept away by good feeling, the uncle promises the nephew a trip around the world. Later the uncle reneges on his promise. The student sues his uncle, asking the court to compel the uncle to pay for a trip around the world.”
 “One neighbor offers to sell a used car to another for $1000. The buyer gives the money to the seller, and the seller gives the car keys to the buyer. To her great surprise, the buyer discovers that the keys fit the rusting Chevrolet in the back yard, not the shiny Cadillac in the driveway. The seller is equally surprised to learn that the buyer expected the Cadillac. The buyer asks the court to order the seller to turn over the Cadillac.”
 “A farmer, in response to a magazine ad for “a sure means to kill grasshoppers,” mails $25 and receives in the mail two wooden blocks with the instructions,
“Place grasshopper on Block A and smash with Block B.” The buyer asks the court to require the seller to return the $25 and pay $500 in punitive damages.”
35

36

 Developed in the late 1800s/early 1900s
 A promise should be enforced if it was given as part of a bargain, otherwise it should not
 Bargains were taken to have three elements



Offer
Acceptance
Consideration
37

 Promisor : person who gives a promise
 Promisee : person who receives it
 In a bargain, both sides must give up something
 reciprocal inducement
 Consideration is what the promisee gives to the promisor , in exchange for the promise
 Under the bargain theory, a contract becomes enforceable once consideration is given
38

 Promisor : person who gives a promise
 Promisee : person who receives it
 In a bargain, both sides must give up something
 reciprocal inducement
 Consideration is what the promisee gives to the promisor , in exchange for the promise
 Under the bargain theory, a contract becomes enforceable once consideration is given
39

 Hamer v Sidway (NY Appeals Ct, 1891)
 Uncle offered nephew $5,000 to give up drinking and smoking until his 21 st birthday, then refused to pay
“The promisee [previously] used tobacco, occasionally drank liquor, and he had a legal right to do so. That right he abandoned for a period of years upon the strength of the promise… We need not speculate on the effort which may have been required to give up the use of these stimulants. It is sufficient that he restricted his lawful freedom of action within certain prescribed limits upon the faith of his uncle’s agreement, and now, having fully performed the conditions imposed, it is of no moment whether such performance actually proved a benefit to the promisor , and the court will not inquire into it.”
40

 Expectation damages
 the amount of benefit the promisee could reasonably expect from performance of the promise
 meant to make the promisee as well of as he would have been, had the promise been fulfilled
41

 Not that accurate a description of what modern courts actually do
 Not always efficient
 Does not enforce certain promises that both promisor and promisee might have wanted to be enforceable
42

 Not that accurate a description of what modern courts actually do
 Not always efficient
 Does not enforce certain promises that both promisor and promisee might have wanted to be enforceable
 Does enforce certain promises that maybe should not be enforced
43

44

 In general, efficiency requires enforcing a promise if both the promisor and the promisee wanted it to be enforceable when it was made
 different from wanting it to actually be enforced
45

 In general, efficiency requires enforcing a promise if both the promisor and the promisee wanted it to be enforceable when it was made
 different from wanting it to actually be enforced
 The first purpose of contract law is to enable people to cooperate by converting games with noncooperative solutions into games with cooperative solutions
 or, enable people to convert games with inefficient equilibria into games with efficient equilibria
46

 In general, efficiency requires enforcing a promise if both the promisor and the promisee wanted it to be enforceable when it was made
 different from wanting it to actually be enforced
 The first purpose of contract law is to enable people to cooperate by converting games with noncooperative solutions into games with cooperative solutions
 or, enable people to convert games with inefficient equilibria into games with efficient equilibria
47

 What promises should be enforceable?
 For efficiency: enforce those which both promisor and promisee wanted to be enforceable when they were made
 One purpose of contract law
 Enable cooperation by changing a game to have a cooperative solution
 Contract law can serve a number of other purposes as well
48

 Private/asymmetric information can hinder trade
 Car example (George Akerloff, “The Market for Lemons”)
49

 Private/asymmetric information can hinder trade
 Car example (George Akerloff, “The Market for Lemons”)
50

 Private/asymmetric information can hinder trade
 Car example (George Akerloff, “The Market for Lemons”)
 Contract law could help


You could offer me a legally binding warranty
Or, contract law could impose on you an obligation to tell me what you know about the condition of the car
 Forcing you to share information is efficient, since it makes us more likely to trade
 The second purpose of contract law is to encourage the efficient disclosure of information within the contractual relationship.
51