Water Quality
Management in India
R.M.Bhardwaj
Central Pollution Control Board
(Ministry of Environment & Forests)
‘Parivesh Bhawan', East Arjun Nagar
Delhi – 110 032
E-mail : scrmb.cpcb@nic.in, rmbdelhi@yahoo.co.in
India at a Glance
Area
3.28 million sq km (2% of world’s total )
Population(2001)
1020 million(16% of world’s total)
(2005)
1060 million
Coordinates
80 4’ and 3706’ North latitudes
6807’ and 97025 East longitudes
Climate
Tropical (Tropic of cancer divides India
two halves)
Land Frontier
15,200 km
Coastline
7,500 km
No.of States/UTs
28 States and 7 Union territories
including the National Capital Region of
Delhi.
Water is Precious and scarce
Resource
• India is one of the wettest country in the world,
but rainfall is highly uneven with time and space
(with extremely low in Rajasthan and high in
North-East)
• On an average there are only 40 rainy days (100
hours)
• Out of 4000 BCM rainfall received, about 600
BCM is put to use so far.
• Water resources are over-exploited resulting in
major WQ problems
Water use in India (Year 2000)
Sector
percent
Irrigation
Water use in
BCM
541
Domestic
42
6.62
Industry
8
1.26
Energy
2
0.32
Other
41
6.47
Total
634
100.00
85.33
NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME
•
Water quality monitoring in India started in 1978 under GEMS
Programme.
•
National programme of Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources
started in 1984 with a total of 120 stations in 10 River Basins.
•
Present network comprising of 870 stations extended to 26 states & 5
Union Territories.
•
Monitoring done or Quarterly/Monthly/Half Yearly basis.
•
Monitoring network covers 189 Rivers, 53 Lakes, 4 Tanks, 2 Ponds, 3
Creeks, 3 Canals, 9 Drains and 218 wells.
•
Water samples are analysed for 9 Core Parameters (pH, Temperature,
Conductivity, DO, BOD, Nitrite, Nitrate, Total Coliform and Faecal
Coliform) for all monitoring. 19 General Parameters, 9 Toxic Metals and
15 Pesticides are also analysed once in a year.
•
Frequency of analysis for General Parameters reduced to once in a year
in view of resources and to add more stations in non-represented waterbodies. Frequency and Parameters does not match the guidelines of
GEMS. Base-line, Trend and Impact stations are maintained as per the
guidelines of GEMS.
Parameters for National Water Quality Monitoring
Core Parameters (9)
Field Observations (7)
Weather
Approximate depth of main stream/depth of water table
Colour and instensity
Odor
Visible efluent discharge
Human activities around station
Station detail
pH
Temperature
Conductivity
Dissolved Oxygen
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Faecal Coliform
Total Coliform
Bio-Monitoring Parameters (3)
General Parameters (19)
COD
TKN
Ammonia
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Fixed Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Turbidity
Hardness
Fluoride
Boron
Chloride
Sulphate
Total Alkalinity
P-Alkalinity
Phosphate
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Saprobity Index
Diversity Index
P/R Ratio
Trace Metals (9)
Arsenic Nickel Copper Mercury Chromium Total
Cadmium Zinc Lead
Iron Total
Pesticide (7)
BHC(Total) Dieldrin Carbamate 2.4 D
DDT(Total) Aldrin
Endosulphan
Objective of Water Quality Monitoring
For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their
prioritisation;
To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different
water bodies or their part;
To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in
existence;
To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time;
To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost
on pollution control;
To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants.
To assess the fitness of water for different uses.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF MONITORING STATIONS
River/Stream
•
Water intake point - community water supply.
•
Large/medium polluting industries or cluster of SSI.
•
Religious bathing.
•
Source of river – pristine quality.
•
Filling up long distance between existing stations.
•
D/S of large irrigated areas.
•
Low flow stretches.
•
D/S of big cities.
•
U/S and D/S of confluence of rivers.
•
Inter-state boundaries.
Lake/Reservior/Pond/Tank
•
Water abstraction point.
•
Organised bathing.
•
Vicinity of significant outfall.
•
Recreational purpose.
Canal
•
Irrigation offtake.
•
D/S of wastewater outfall.
•
Intake point – drinking water.
Groundwater
•
Drinking water source located in insanitary condition – sewage cesspool, septic tank,
garbage dump, shallow aquifer.
•
Tube-wells, hand-pumps or dugwells in industrial area.
Water Quality Criteria
Designated best use
Drinking
water
source
without
conventional
treatment
but
after
disinfections
Class
A
Criteria
*Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less.
*pH between 6.5 and 8.5
*Dissolved oxygen 6 mg/l or more
*Biochemical oxygen demand 2 mg/l or Less
Outdoor bathing (organised)
B
*Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less
*pH between 6.5 and 8.5
*Dissolved oxygen 5 mg/l or more
*Biochemical oxygen demand 3 mg/l or Less
Drinking water source with
conventional
treatment
followed by disinfection
C
*Total coliform organisms MPN/ 100ml shall be 5000 or
less
*pH between 6 and 9
*Dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l or more
*Biochemical oxygen demand 3 mg/l or less
Propagation of wild life,
fisheries
D
*pH between 6.5 and 8.5
*Dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l or more
*Free ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
Irrigation, industrial cooling,
controlled waste disposal
E
*pH between 6.0 and 8.5
*Electrical conductivity less than 2250 micro mhos/cm
*Sodium absorption ratio less than 26
*Boron less than 2mg/l
Outcome of National Monitoring Programme







Every year a compendium of water quality statistics is published and
circulated to various scientific institutes and processed data is put on the web
site for easy access.
Basin sub basin Inventory of water pollution is prepared and published for all
the major river basins in the country.
Water quality atlas is prepared to assess the fitness of river water for desired
uses in the country.
Water quality data is used for Identification of Polluted Water Bodies based on
violation of desired water quality criteria for designated uses.
Water quality data formed the basis for Formulation of River Action Plan and
Identification of Pollution Sources in 157 cities for interception and diversion
of municipal wastewater and stricter surveillance of industrial sources.
Water quality data is used for Query Response i.e. to reply Parliament
Questions, VIP reference, Public Queries, Public Interest Litigation filed in
Supreme Court and Various High Courts and to fulfill the requirement of Non
Governmental Organisation, Students, and Researchers.
Providing data to GEMS Programme on Water on annual basis for 72 stations
for global data base.
Constraints in Maintaining the Network
 Sustainability of infrastructure and maintenance of
instruments and equipments.
 Financial as well as Manpower resources are inadequate
and reducing due to policy shift.
 Travel to long distances for monitoring and preservation of
samples in warm weather conditions adversely affect the
results.
 Analysis results needs in-depth validation and repeated
interaction with laboratories.
 Improper reporting of units, variation in analysis methods
and quality control of chemicals are cause of concern.
 Lack of training for laboratory and field staff.
 Lack of software to analyse the data for trend analyses and
data validation.
Limitations of Monitoring Programme
 Problems in data validation due to fluctuation in water
quality.
 Flow in many rivers dwindles due to short period of
monsoon.
 Environmental flows are not maintained, hence only urban
wastewater flows in the rivers after major abstraction
points.
 Removal of outliers during validation of data may devoid
valuable information related to flushing of Industrial
effluents responsible for episodal pollution and fish kill.
 Need of software for processing, validation/trend analyses
and format data storage.
 Priorities for water quality management varies widely from
developed countries to developing countries.
Water body-wise & Frequency-wise Distribution
of Water Quality Monitoring Stations
STATE
RIVER WELL LAKE OTHER TOTAL
MONTHLY
HALF
YEARLY
QUARTERLY YEARLY TOTAL
ANDHRA PRADESH
28
24
4
3
59
14
24
21
-
59
ASSAM
17
10
-
2
29
6
10
13
-
29
BIHAR
16
20
-
-
36
8
20
8
-
36
CHHATISSGARH
23
4
-
-
27
7
4
16
-
27
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI
2
-
-
-
2
1
-
1
-
2
DAMAN
2
1
-
-
3
2
1
-
-
3
DELHI
5
-
-
9
14
13
-
1
-
14
GOA
10
-
1
-
11
10
-
1
-
11
GUJARAT
36
3
3
-
42
20
3
19
-
42
HARYANA
8
-
1
10
19
4
-
15
-
19
HIMACHAL PRADESH
31
20
3
-
54
-
20
33
1
54
JAMMU & KASHMIR
7
-
2
-
9
-
-
9
-
9
JHARKHAND
9
-
-
-
9
-
-
9
-
9
KARNATAKA
43
-
2
-
45
23
-
22
-
45
KERALA
30
15
10
-
55
10
15
30
-
55
-
15
-
1
16
-
15
1
-
16
LAKSHDWEEP
Continued on Next Page ..
.. Continued from Previous Page
STATE
RIVER WELL LAKE OTHER
TOTAL
MONTHLY
HALF
YEARLY
QUARTERLY YEARLY TOTAL
MADHYA PRADESH
40
5
3
-
48
22
4
22
-
48
MAHARASHTRA
45
-
-
3
48
27
-
21
-
48
MANIPUR
8
-
4
-
12
-
-
12
-
12
MEGHALAYA
5
5
3
-
13
-
5
8
-
13
NAGALAND
5
-
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
5
39
15
-
-
54
15
15
24
-
54
1
7
2
-
10
-
7
3
-
10
35
6
2
-
43
-
6
37
-
43
RAJASTHAN
7
18
7
-
32
4
18
10
-
32
SIKKIM
9
-
-
-
9
-
-
9
-
9
27
2
3
-
32
20
2
10
-
32
3
7
2
1
13
-
6
7
-
13
UTTAR PRADESH
45
25
1
1
72
40
25
7
-
72
UTTRANCHAL
13
1
1
-
15
2
1
9
3
15
WEST BENGAL
18
15
1
-
34
9
15
10
-
34
TOTAL : -
567
218
55
30
870
257
216
393
4
870
ORISSA
PONDICHERRY
PUNJAB
TAMIL NADU
TRIPURA
RIVER BASIN WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
5
Baitarni (5)
Brahmani (11)
16
Tributaries-Karo (1), Koel (2), Sankh (2)
Brahmaputra (6)
Tributaries-Burhidihing (1), Dhansiri (6), Disang (1), Jhanji (1), Subansiri (1), Bhogdoi (1), Bharalu (1), Borak (1), Deepar Bill (1), Digboi (1),
Mora Bharali (1), Teesta (4), Dickhu (1), Maney (2), Ranchu (2)
Cauvery (20)
Tributaries-Arkavati (1), Amravati (1), Bhawani (5), Kabini (4), Laxmantirtha (1), Shimsa (2), Hemavati (1), Yagichi (1)
31
36
Ganga (39)
Tributaries-Barakar (1), Betwa (3), Chambal (7), Damodar (5), Gandak (1), Saryu-Ghaghra (3), Gomti (5), Hindon (3), Kali (West) (2), Kali Nadi
(2), Khan (1), Kshipra (3), Mandakini (Madhya Pradesh) (1), Parvati (2), Ramganga (1), Rapti (1), Rihand (2), Rupanarayan (1), Sai (1), Sone (5),
Tons (Madhya Pradesh) (2), Yamuna (23),Sind (1), Johila (1),Sankh(1), Gohad (1), Kolar (1), Sai(1), Churni (1), Tons (Himachal Pradesh)
(1),Sikrana (1),Daha (1), Sirsa (1), Dhous (1), Farmer (1)
Godavari (11)
Tributaries- Manjira (2), Maner (2), Nira (I), Wainganga (4), Wardha (1), Kolar (1), Kanhan (1), Purna (1), Karanja (1), Indravati (2), Shankhani
(1)
Indus
Tributaries-Beas (18), Chenab (1), Jhelum (3), Larji (1), Parvati (1), Ravi (3), Sutlej (21), Tawi (1), Gawkadal (1), Chuntkol (1), Sirsa
(3), Swan (1)
Krishna (19)
Tributaries- Bhadra (3), Bhima (10), (Ghataprabha (2), Malprabha (3), Muneru (1), Musi (2), Nira (1), Paleru (1), Tunga (1),
Tungabhadra (6), Panchganga (3), Chandrabhaga (2)
Mahi (9)
Tributaries-Anas (1), Panam (1)
Mahanadi (18)
127
28
55
54
11
38
Tributaries-Ib (4), Hasdeo (2), Kathajodi (1), Kharoon (4), Kuakhai (2), Sheonath (3), Birupa (1), Arpa (1), Kelo (2)
Narmada (14)
15
Tributaries-Chhota Tawa (1)
Contd. On Next Page
Contd. From Pre-Page
5
Pennar (5)
Sabarmati (6)
8
Tributaries- Shedhi (1), Khari (1)
6
Subarnerekha (6)
Tapi (11)
14
Tributaries-Girna (2), Rangawali (1)
Medium rivers
Ambika (1), Ulhas (2), Ulhas-Bhatsa (1), Ulhas-Kalu (1), Imphal (4), Mandovi (2), Palar (1), Pamba (3), Pariyar (3), Rushikulya (2),
Tambiraparani (7), Achankoil (2), Chalakudy (1), Damanganga (6), Ghaggar (21), Kallada (1) , Kali-Karnataka (1), Manimala (2), Mindhola
(1), Nagavalli (3), Amlakhadi (1), Chaliyar (2), Iril (2), Kharkhala (1), Karmana (1), Kolak(2), Kundalika(1), Meenachil(1), Muvattupuza(1),
Patalganga(2), Umtrew(1), Vamanpuram(1), Zuari(2), Gumti(2), Kalna(1), Valvant(1), Madai(1), Khandepar(1), Asanora(1), Neyyar(1),
Ithikkara(1), Kadalundy(1), Kuttiyady(1), Mahe(1), Kuppum(1), Neelsvaram(1), Karingoda(1), Chandergiri(1), Chitrapuzha(1), Nambul(2),
Ganol(1), Simsang(1), Myntdu(1), Arasalar(1), Kodra(1), Haora(1), Markanda (2), Sukhna (1), Baleshwar Khadi (1), Netravati (1), Kumardhara
(1), Purna (1), Kaveri (1), Dhadar (1)
Lakes (55)
Hussainsagar (1), Saroornagar (1), Himayatsagar (1), Pulicate (1), Salaulim (1), Kankoria (1), Ajwah (1), Sursagar (1), Brahamsarovar (1),
Govindsagar (1), Pongdam (1), Renuka (1), Wuller (1), Dal (1), Ulsoor (1), Hebbala Valley (1) Oruvathikotta(1), Sasthamcotta(1),
Ashthamudi(1), Paravur(1), Vembanad(1), Periyar(1), Kodumgallor(1), Kayamkula(1), Punnamadakayal(1), Pookotekayal(1), UpperLake(1),
LowerLake(1), MultaiLake(1), Loktak(4), Umiam(1), Ward(1), Thadlaskena(1), Osteri(1), Bahour(1), Harike(2), Pichola(1), Udaisagar(1),
RamgarhJaipur(1), Pushkar(1), Fatehsagar(1), Kalyana(1), Nakki(1), Udhagamadalam(1), Kodaikanal(1), Yercaud(1),
LakshminarayanBaridigh(1), Rudrasagar(1), Ramgarh-UttarPradesh (1), Naini(1), Rabindrasarovar (1)
Tanks (4)
117
61
Dharamsagar (1), Bibinagar (1), Kistrapetrareddy (1), Goysagar(1)
Ponds (2)
Elangabeel System (1), Lakshadweep (1)
Creeks, Canals, Tanks, Ponds, Drains,
Creeks (3), Agra Canal (1), Agartala Canal (1), Gurgaon Canal (1),
Western Yamuna Canal (9), Drains (10)
25
Groundwater
218
Total
870
Water Quality in Indian Rivers - 2002
Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters
River Name
Length
(km)
No. of Stns.
Temp.
0C
pH
Conductivity
(mhos/cm)
DO
(mg/l)
BOD
(mg/l)
COD
(mg/l)
Total Coliform
(MPN/100 ml)
Faecal Coliform
(MPN/100 ml)
Ganga
2525
34
3-34
6.4-9.0
19-2720
2.7-11.5
0.5 – 16.8
1-30
300-25x105
20-11x105
Yamuna
1376
23
3-34
6.7-9.8
56-1959
0.1-22.7
1.0 – 36
1-112
27-26.3x106
11-17.2x105
28-28x105
Sabarmati
371
8
12-32
2.9-8.6
269-13530
0.6-7.9
0.8 – 475
4-1794
210-28x105
Mahi
583
7
19-34
7.1-9.2
175-5720
0.2-8.5
0.1 – 3.0
9-163
3-2400
3-75
Tapi
724
10
20-40
7.4-9.0
76-700
4.8-8.8
0.6 – 10.0
8-40
40-2100
2-210
Narmada
1312
14
6.9-9.3
102-1341
5.8-9.8
0.1 – 3.8
6-47
9-2400
2-64
Godavari
1465
11
22-35
7.0-9.0
118-1400
3.1-10.9
0.5 – 78.0
3-96
8-5260
2-3640
Krishna
1401
17
18-33
6.8-9.5
28-11050
2.9-10.9
0.2 – 10.0
3-88
17-33300
3-10000
Cauvery
800
20
21-37
2.0-9.2
31-53100
0.1-12.6
0.1 – 26.6
30
39-160000
2-28000
Mahanadi
851
16
18-38
7.3-8.9
114-15940
1.3-10.4
1.0 – 7.6
7-39
15-30000
50-17000
Brahmani
799
11
20-38
7.0-8.4
81-376
5.2-9.8
1.5 – 6.0
8-13
80-90000
40-60000
5
24-36
7.3-8.3
54-78400
6.8-9.3
2.0 – 6.8
7
900-22000
700-11000
Baitarni
Subarnrekha
395
6
18-36
6.5-8.0
113-355
5.2-8.5
0.2 – 12.0
4-96
150-1800
70-540
Brahmaputra
916
6
15-32
6.5-9.0
104-684
1.1-10.5
0.1 – 3.9
6-11
360-240000
300-24000
Pennar
597
4
-
7.5-8.7
364-978
6.0-9.3
1.0 – 2.9
14-16
-
-
Satluj
1078
20
9-32
6.8-8.8
131-819
3.8-11.4
0.1 – 45.0
1-80
8-35000
2-3500
Beas
460
19
3-32
7.1-8.7
53-517
5.2-11.5
0.3 – 5.0
1-13
2-2400
2-1600
WATER QUALTIY STATUS & TREND FROM 1994 TO 2004
15 19
15 18
19 17
27
19 21
16
28
16 25
15
17 23
27
16 25
16
80
15 27
100
66
67
64
60
59
57
57
60
BOD 3-6
59
40
57
BOD >6
58
60
BOD<3
20
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
20
22
22
34
36
33
34
36
20
14
37
TC>5000
TC 500-5000
44
45
44
46
47
63
50
45
47
46
40
20
33
18
36
40
20
17
32
60
28
22
37
80
9
23
100
TC<500
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
14
14
14
22
23
28
27
24
13
20
35
26
17
7
29
FC>5000
FC 500-5000
59
58
63
65
48
56
67
59
55
46
60
40
20
12
28
35
60
27
80
13
17
19
100
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
FC<500
WATER QUALITY STATUS
Analysis of 11 years data with respect to BOD values as
indicator of organic pollution
S.
No
Level of
Pollution
Pollution
Criteria
01.
Severely
polluted
Moderately
polluted
BOD more
than 6 mg/l
BOD 3-6
mg/l
6086
15
8691
19
Relatively
clean
BOD less
than 3 mg/l
30242
66
02.
03.
Riverine
length,
Km.
Riverine
length
percentage
Total riverine length under different
levels of pollution in India
Severely polluted
Moderatly polluted
Relatively clean
Severely
polluted
15%
Moderatly
polluted
19%
Relatively
clean
66%
State-wise Riverine length (in Km) under
different level of pollution
Bio Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L
State
>6
3-6
<3
Jammu & Kashmir
0
0
2291
2291
Himachal Pradesh
19
0
1076
1095
Punjab
70
132
870
1072
Haryana
95
87
167
349
1180
1966
2473
76
160
606
365
1157
4569
6091
Bihar
63
126
2337
2526
West Bengal
69
221
874
1164
Orissa
247
1507
473
2227
Andhra Pradesh
361
803
2854
4018
2721
1706
187
4614
265
185
706
1156
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Gujarat
Total
5619
842
State-wise Riverine length (in Km) under
different level of pollution (contd.)
Karnataka
258
143
2467
2868
0
15
1395
1410
269
470
1290
2029
Assam
0
0
2043
2043
Meghalaya
0
0
557
557
Manipur
0
0
759
759
Arunachal Pradesh
0
0
707
707
Sikkim
0
0
754
754
Nagaland
0
0
503
503
Mizoram
0
0
235
235
Goa
0
13
53
66
Delhi
28
0
20
48
6086
8691
30266
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
T O T A L :-
45043
River basin-wise Riverine length(in Km.)
under different level of pollution
Bio Chemical Oxy gen Demand, mg/L
Riv er Bas in
>6
3-6
<3
Total
Indus
70
132
3917
4119
1760
3612
7318
12690
0
0
5013
5013
Sabarmati
65
95
165
325
Mahi
70
160
292
522
Narmada
120
360
902
1382
Tapi
160
280
537
977
Subernrekha
90
120
79
289
Brahmini
45
160
380
585
Mahanadi
210
370
1393
1973
Godavari
960
856
2676
4492
Ganga
Bramaputra
River basin-wise Riverine length(in Km.)
under different level of pollution (contd..)
Subernrekha
90
120
79
289
Brahmini
45
160
380
585
Mahanadi
210
370
1393
1973
Godavari
960
856
2676
4492
Krishna
840
956
1988
3784
Pennar
0
80
440
520
Cauvery
70
320
928
1318
Ghaggar
140
148
70
358
Medium
1090
734
3210
5034
396
308
958
1662
6086
8691
30266
45043
Minor
TOTAL:-
River basin-wise riverine length under
different level of pollution
14000
12000
BOD <3 mg/L
BOD 3-6 mg/L
BOD >6 mg/L
8000
6000
4000
2000
Su
T
be api
rn
re
kh
a
Br
ah
m
in
M
i
ah
an
ad
G
od i
av
ar
i
Kr
is
hn
a
Pe
nn
ar
C
au
ve
ry
G
ha
gg
ar
M
ed
iu
m
M
in
or
0
In
du
s
G
Br ang
a
am
ap
ut
ra
Sa
ba
rm
at
i
M
ah
N
i
ar
m
ad
a
Riverine length, Km
10000
River basin
IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTED
WATER BODIES
• CPCB identified 10 polluted stretches for
prioritising pollution control efforts in 1988-89.
• The Number of Stretches increased to 37 during
1992-93.
• The list is now revised to 86 polluted stretches.
• The concerned State Pollution Control Boards
were asked to take adequate measures to restore
the desired level.
RIVER ACTION PLAN
• CPCB identified polluted water bodies, which leads to
formulation of action plan for restoration of the water
body.
• Based on CPCB’s Recommendations, Ganga Action Plan
was launched in 1986 to restore the WQ of the Ganga by
interception, diversion and treatment of wastewater from
27 cities/towns located along the river.
• Based on the experience gained during implementation of
the Ganga Action Plan, Govt of India extends river
cleaning programme to other rivers and lakes.
NATIONAL RIVER ACTION PLAN
River
No. of Towns
Ganga
74
Brahmini
3
Yamuna
22
Chambal
3
Damodar
12
Gomti
3
Godavari
6
Krishna
2
Cauvery
9
Sabarmati
1
Tungabhadra
4
Khan
1
Satluj
4
Kshipra
1
Subarnrekha
3
Tapi
1
Betwa
3
Narmada
1`
Wainganga
3
Mahanadi
1
Grand Total
River
157
No. of Towns