Doug Bartlett
European Commission
MEdC Association Days, 26-27 November 2009
Deuterium
Helium
+ Energy
Outline
E=mc2
Tritium
neutron
 “European” research and the Framework Programmes
 The EURATOM Fusion Programme – the main players:





the European Commission
the fusion Associations
EFDA
the Joint Undertaking
… and what they do
 ITER
 Future directions for the European fusion programme
 Outlook
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Fusion – where are we going?
Deuterium
Helium
1) Basic physics
2) Physics and
technology R&D
3) Power station!
+ Energy
E=mc2
Tritium
neutron
Reactor
conditions
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Fusion – how do we get there?
Theory &
Modelling
How do we
organise all
this?
Future
devices
Other
devices
JET
ITER
DEMO
Power
Station
Technology
development
Emerging
technology
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“European” research
and the Framework
Programmes
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Why fund fusion
research at European
level?
 Pooling and leveraging resources

creation of a critical mass of funding/researchers

spreading costs (and the later benefits)

undertaking projects too large for one EU Member State
 Fostering human capacity
(training, mobility and career development of researchers)
 Better integration of European R&D

problems and solutions which affect all the EU member states

coordination of national policies
 European
added value
 A European
Research Area
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The objective
of the EURATOM
Fusion Programme
Building on the achievements of previous FPs, and
maintaining the same overall direction:
“Developing the knowledge base for, and realising
ITER as the major step towards, the creation of
prototype reactors for power stations which are safe,
sustainable, environmentally responsible, and
economically viable”
(Council Decision on Euratom-FP7)
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The Framework Programme
(EC-FP7 2007-13, Euratom-FP7 2007-11)
 Cooperation – Collaborative Research
(health, food, IT, nanotech, energy,
environment, transport, space and security)
 Ideas – Frontier Research
 People – Marie Curie Actions
 Capacities – Research Capacity
 Joint Research Centre
(nuclear and non-nuclear research)
 Euratom (2007-2011):
- nuclear fission (waste, radiation protection)
- fusion energy research*
* with at least € 900 M for activities other than ITER construction
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€ 32,413 M
Typically
~5% of
total R&D
funds
€ 7,510 M
€ 4,750 M
€4,097 M
€ 48.770 M
€ 2,268 M
€ 287 M
€1,947 M
€2,234 M
~54% of
total
spending
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Areas of activity
in FP7 (i)
 The realisation of ITER
 site preparation
 procurement and installation of equipment
 Broader Approach Projects (with Japan)
 joint projects aimed at accelerating the development of fusion
energy
 R&D in preparation of ITER operation
 exploitation of fusion devices, including JET
 physics and technology
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Areas of activity
in FP7 (ii)
W7-X
 Technology activities in preparation of a
demonstration fusion reactor (DEMO)
 materials development and key technologies
 DEMO conceptual and design studies
 socio-economic aspects
 R&D activities for the longer term
 completion of W7-X Stellarator
 plasma theory and modelling
 Human resources, education and training
 Support actions
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The main players in
European fusion research
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The main players in the
European fusion programme

The European Commission (Euratom)


Euratom Fusion Associations


26 “Contracts of Association” between Euratom and EU member
states (plus Switzerland)  fusion R&D in these laboratories
EFDA (The European Fusion Development Agreement)


Overall programme management (including funding), representation
of the programme internationally (fusion co-operation Agreements)
An agreement between all the Associations and Euratom to support
co-ordinated and collective activities
The Joint Undertaking for ITER and the Development of
Fusion Energy (F4E) in Barcelona

The EU Domestic Agency for ITER, Broader Approach projects and
preparation for DEMO
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The European
Commission
 Overall programme management
 Management of the Associations’ programmes through joint Steering
Committees with the national partners
 Funding of the Associations (typically ~30%) and EFDA activities (up to
75%)
 Management of the “Mobility Agreement” which promotes collaboration
between Associations by funding travel and subsistence costs
 Implementation of a Fusion Training Scheme for young engineers (about
40 people now, more in the future)
 Funding of co-ordination and support actions in fusion education, fusion
materials research, atomic data and modelling
 Representation of the programme internationally (fusion co-operation
Agreements with a number of countries)
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The Fusion
Associations
 The organisations which carry out the research
 The owners and users of the research facilities
 The reservoir of scientific and technical expertise in the programme –
about 2500 professionals
 All Member States of the European Union participate in the fusion
programme through Associations
 The Contract of Association is the way that long term continuity of the
research is ensured
 An extensive network of collaborations between the Associations (eg
researchers from small Associations participating in the experiments on
large devices in another Association) – this is explicitly encouraged by
the system
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Distributed R&D 26 Associations in
an Integrated Programme
Euratom - CEA
(1958)
France
Euratom – ENEA (1960)
Italy (incl. Malta)
Euratom - IPP
(1961)
Germany
Euratom - FOM
(1962)
The Netherlands
Euratom - FZJ
(1962)
Germany
Euratom - Belgian State
Belgium
(1969)
(incl. Luxembourg)
Euratom - RISØ
(1973)
Denmark
Euratom – UKAEA (1973)
United Kingdom
Euratom - VR
(1976)
Sweden
Euratom - Conf. Suisse
Switzerland
(1979)
Euratom - FZK
(1982)
Germany
Euratom –CIEMAT (1986)
Spain
Euratom – IST
(1990)
Portugal
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Euratom - TEKES (1995)
Finland (incl. Estonia)
Euratom - DCU
(1996)
Ireland
Euratom - ÖAW
(1996)
Austria
Eur - Hellenic Rep (1999)
Greece (incl. Cyprus)
Euratom - IPP.CR (1999)
Czech Rep.
Euratom - HAS
(1999)
Hungary
Euratom – MEdC (1999)
Romania
Euratom – Univ. Latvia
Latvia
(2002)
Euratom - IPPLM
Poland
Euratom - MHEST
Slovenia
Euratom – CU
Slovakia
Euratom – INRNE
Bulgaria
Euratom – LEI
Lithuania
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(2005)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
Fusion devices in the
European programme
JET
Tokamak
Culham, UK
1983
ASDEX Upgrade
Tokamak
IPP Garching, Germany
1991
COMPASS
Tokamak
IPP.CR Prague, Czech Rep
2008 (transferred
from UKAEA)
EXTRAP–T2R
Rev. Field Pinch
VR Stockholm, Sweden
1994 (2000)
FTU
Tokamak
ENEA Frascati, Italy
1990
ISTTOK
Tokamak
IST Lisbon, Portugal
1992
MAST
Sph. Tokamak
UKAEA Culham, UK
1998
RFX
Rev. Field Pinch
ENEA Padova, Italy
1991 (2000)
TCV
Tokamak
CRPP Lausanne, Switzerland
1992
TEXTOR-94
Tokamak
FZJ Jülich, Germany
1981 (1994)
TJ-II
Stellarator
CIEMAT Madrid, Spain
1997
TORE SUPRA
Tokamak
CEA Cadarache, France
1988
Wendelstein 7-X
Stellarator
IPP Greifswald, Germany
in construction
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The European
Fusion Development
Agreement (EFDA)
 EFDA is a multi-lateral agreement between EURATOM and all the
fusion Associates
 Its main tasks are:
 coordination of the collective scientific exploitation of JET and the
High Performance Computer* by the Associations
 co-ordination of physics and technology activities of the
Associations for research, and for the development and exploitation
of common tools or facilities/devices
 training of researchers, promoting links to universities and carrying
out support actions for the benefit of the fusion programme
 A framework for coordinating European contributions to
international collaborations other than ITER
* a 100 TFlop class computer at FZJ (Jülich, Germany), started operation in summer 2009
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JET, the Joint European Torus
 JET is closer in size to ITER than any other tokamak
 It has a plasma shape similar to ITER
 It is the only tokamak in the world able to operate
with tritium
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Fusion for Energy – F4E (i)
(The European Joint Undertaking for
ITER and the Development of Fusion Energy)
 A Joint Undertaking under the Euratom Treaty
 It has “legal personality” with its own financial regulations and
procurement system, which should operate flexibly and respond rapidly
 The members of the Joint Undertaking are Euratom, all the
EU Member States and Switzerland
 All members are represented on a “Governing Board”, which acts like
the Board of Directors of a company
 Funding is mainly from the Framework Programme budget
 A low level of direct cash contributions from the members, and
substantial voluntary in-kind contributions to Broader Approach
projects from some members
 It presently employs about 200 people, and is located in
Barcelona (Spain)
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Fusion for Energy – F4E (ii)
 The role of the Joint Undertaking
 to provide the Euratom contributions to ITER
 placement and execution of contracts for the components to be
delivered to ITER
 the channel through which European personnel will be provided to the
ITER Organisation
 to provide the Euratom contributions to Broader Approach Activities
with Japan
 upgrade of the Japanese JT-60 tokamak
 design of the materials irradiation facility IFMIF
 International Fusion Energy Research Centre (will include a computational
centre, a DEMO R&D coordination Centre and a remote experimentation centre
for ITER)
 to implement a programme of activities in preparation for the
construction of a demonstration fusion reactor
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ITER - Overview
 The ITER tokamak is the essential
next step to demonstrate the scientific
and technical feasibility of fusion power
 A joint international project hosted by Europe in
Cadarache, France
 7 partners: China, EU, India, Japan, South Korea, Russia, USA
 Almost all components will be provided “in-kind” by the partners
 An international organisation, staffed by the partners, will run the
project
 The EU has a special responsibility as the ITER host, is
the largest contributor, and has a leading role
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Present status of ITER
 The ITER Team is now about 400 people
 All ITER Parties have created their Domestic Agencies (F4E for the EU)
 A Design Review was carried out by the ITER Team and the Parties:
 to take into account progress since the last full baseline design (2001)
 to identify and resolve outstanding issues
 to highlight areas where R&D is needed to optimise the engineering solutions
 The procurement process for some major items has started
 Issues concerning the design, cost and schedule are being addressed
 the construction cost will be at least double the original estimates (and the Eu
is providing 45% of the components)
 The EU now considers the original 10 year construction period (first plasma in
2018) not to be feasible: high technical risk and even further cost increases
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ITER: What happens next
 The Commission has political support at the European Council to
reaffirm the commitment to realise ITER at a reasonable cost and with
acceptable risks.
 Important issues are agreement on how to find the extra funding and
how to get agreement with the other Parties on the target date for the
start of operation
 During the construction phase R&D will be carried out:
 Plasma physics research needed to finalise the design of some components
 Technology research for detailed component design and fabrication
 Plasma physics research to prepare for operation of the tokamak
 About 5 years after operation starts, tritium will be used
→
Real fusion experiments!
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Future directions for the
European fusion programme
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The Fusion
Facilities Review (i)
 A major review carried out for the Commission by a panel of high-level
independent experts
 The main goals:
 to develop a vision of the R&D required to make fusion energy
production ready for commercial exploitation, and
 to establish a road map incorporating all required facilities
prioritised according to the corresponding benefits, costs and risks
 In order to provide high-quality input information to the panel of
experts, the whole EU fusion community participated in the preparation of
a “strategic outlook” and an analysis of the required facilities
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The Fusion
Facilities Review (ii)
The report of the Facilities Review panel:
 recognised that the construction of ITER in Europe requires a
reorientation the programme and concentration on core activities
 prioritised the existing facilities in the fusion programme in terms
of the necessary shift of emphasis towards those facilities most
relevant for ITER (and DEMO)
 identified JET as the most relevant device support to ITER and
ASDEX-Upgrade as being of very high priority
 recommended that a design should be developed for an “ITER
satellite class” device, and IFMIF should be pursued urgently
 highlighted the importance of maintaining and renewing the
staffing basis of the programme
(The full report is available at http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/fu/fu_pubs/article_1256_en.htm)
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Adaptation of
the fusion programme
 ITER remains the Commission’s top priority,
as the essential next step towards fusion power
 Bilateral discussions between the Commission and the
Associates on the adaptation of their programmes aimed at:
 concentrating on priorities where the Associate can contribute
 identifying facilities and activities which will / will not be supported
 enhancing participation in collectively exploited facilities (presently
JET and the High Performance Computer)
 identifying any possible role in studies needed for future strategic
choices (mainly the “ITER satellite” and IFMIF)
 planning any necessary reorientation of staff (including training)
 ensuring overall consistency between all Associations and EFDA
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Outlook
 There is growing confidence that
fusion has the potential to make a
major contribution to the realisation
of a sustainable and secure energy
supply in a few decades from now
 Our major challenge now is the realisation of ITER, and the European
fusion community has a very important role to play
 The fusion Associations and EFDA will continue to be key players, in
the areas of longer term importance as well as in support of ITER
“It is time for fusion to deliver. And this is now in your hands.”
EU Commissioner for Research, Janez Potočnik
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