High-Level Forum on Official Statistics’
Response to the Rio+20 Mandate for Broader
Measures of Progress
Measuring China's Progress:
Research on Monitoring the Advancement of
Building a Xiaokang Society
Dr. Shi Fengdan
Research Institute of Statistical Sciences
National Bureau of Statistics of China
25 February, 2013
Outlines
• What is a Xiaokang society?
• The System of Xiaokang Indicators
• Monitoring results of China’s Progress
in Building a Xiaokang Society
2
What is a Xiaokang society?
• Xiaokang : well-off and moderate prosperity
• Goals of Building a Xiaokang Society of
China
– by 1990： end food and clothing shortages
– by 2000： a Xiaokang society at a
preliminary stage
– by 2020： a Xiaokang society in all aspects
3
What is a Xiaokang society?
• Goal of building a Xiaokang society in all aspects:
to build a moderately prosperous society for the
entire Chinese population that features:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
accelerated economic development,
enhanced democracy,
advanced science and education,
prosperous culture,
harmonious society,
higher living standard,
more efficient use of resources and friendly
environment.
4
System of Xiaokang Indicators
I: Economic
Development
(5)
VI: Resource
and
Environment
(3)
23 Indicators
II: Society
Harmony
(5)
The System
of Xiaokang
Indicators
V: Culture
and
Education
(3)
III: Quality
of Life
(5)
IV:
Democracy
and Law
(2)
5
System of Xiaokang Indicators
Ⅰ: Economic Development
Economic growth
Per capita GDP
Technical innovation
Share of R&D expenses in GDP
Industrial structure
Share of value-added of the tertiary industry
in GDP
Demographic structure
Proportion of urban population
Employment
Urban unemployment rate
6
System of Xiaokang Indicators I：
Economic Development
1. Per capita GDP
–
–
It is a comprehensive, aggregate and
representative indicator.
Economic development forms the basis of social
progress.
2. Share of R&D expenses in GDP
–
Reflects the input in technology.
3. Share of value-added of the tertiary industry
in GDP
–
Reflects the economic structure.
7
System of Xiaokang Indicators I：
Economic Development
4. Proportion of urban population
–
–
Urbanization is the inevitable outcome of
industrialization and modernization.
The proportion of urban population directly
reflects a country’s urbanization level.
5. Urban unemployment rate
–
Unemployment rate is one of the most important
indicators to reflect the status of economic
development.
8
System of Xiaokang Indicators
II: Social Harmony
Income gap
Gini Coefficient
Urban-rural divide
Urban-rural resident income ratio
Regional divide
Regional economic development disparity
coefficient
Social security
Basic social security coverage
Gender disparity
Gender disparity coefficient of senior high
school graduates
9
System of Xiaokang Indicators II：
Social Harmony
6.
Gini Coefficient
–
It is a classical indicator commonly recognized and widely
used in the world.
–
7.
Reflects the gap of income distribution.
Urban-rural resident income ratio
–
Reflects the gap of urban and rural incomes.
–
Estimates the imbalance of China’s economic development.
10
System of Xiaokang Indicators II：
Social Harmony
8.
Regional economic development disparity coefficient
–
–
–
Dispersion coefficient of per capita GDP of n regions.
Reflects the gap of regional economic development.
Formula：
V 
1 n
2
 ( PCYi  PCY )
n i 1
PCY
Of which：
n : number of regions within a certain area
PCYi : per capita GDP of region i
PCY : mean of per capita GDP of n regions
V : Regional economic development disparity coefficient
11
System of Xiaokang Indicators II：
Social Harmony
9.
Basic social security coverage
–
Basic endowment insurance and medical insurance are
selected to reflect the conditions of social security.
Basic social
security
coverage
Number of people
covered by basic
endowment insurance
=
Number of people that
should be covered by
basic endowment
insurance
× 50%+
Number of people
covered by
basic medical
insurance
Number of
people that
should be
covered by
basic medical
insurance
× 50%
12
System of Xiaokang Indicators II：
Social Harmony
10. Gender disparity coefficient of senior high
school graduates
–
–
Reflects the gap of gender.
Formula:
Gender Disparity
Coefficient of Senior High
School Graduates
Sex ratio of senior high
school graduates
=
Sex ratio of population of the
same age group
× 100%
13
System of Xiaokang Indicators
III: Quality of Life
Income level
Per capita disposable income
Consumption structure
Engel’s coefficient
Housing conditions
Per capita usable floor space
Health care
Under-five mortality rate
Health conditions
Life expectancy
14
System of Xiaokang Indicators III：
Quality of Life
11. Per capita disposable income
–
–
It reflects people’s living level.
Different from per capita GDP.
12. Engel’s coefficient
–
–
The proportion of food expenditure in total
spending.
Reflects household’s total consumption and its
structure.
13. Per capita usable floor space
–
It is an important indicator that measures people’s
living standard.
15
System of Xiaokang Indicators III：
Quality of Life
14. Under-five mortality rate
–
Indirectly reflects the health care
conditions of a society.
15. Life expectancy
–
The improvement of life expectancy is the
result of improved quality of life and
enhanced medical and health care.
16
System of Xiaokang Indicators
IV: Democracy and Law
Citizens’ satisfaction of
democratic rights
Social safety index
17
System of Xiaokang Indicators IV：
Democracy and Law
16. Citizens’ satisfaction of democratic rights
–
The satisfaction of citizens about whether their political,
economic and cultural rights and interests are respected and
guaranteed.
17. Social safety index
–
Involving the overall changes of the major aspects of social
order( public security, traffic security, living safety, and
publication safety) within a certain period.
Traffic deaths in 10,000
persons in 2000
Criminals in 10,000 persons
in 2000
Criminals in 10,000 persons
in the current year
Social safety
index
× 40% +
Traffic deaths in 10,000
persons in the current
year
× 20% +
=
Fire deaths in 10,000 persons
in 2000
Fire deaths in 10,000 persons
in the current year
×20%+
Work injury deaths in 10,000
persons in 2000
Work injury deaths in 10,000
persons in the current
year
× 20%
18
System of Xiaokang Indicators
V: Culture and Education
Culture industry
Share of value-added of cultural
industry in GDP
Social service
Share of household’s expenses on cultural,
educational and recreational services in total
expenses
Education
Average years of education
19
System of Xiaokang Indicators V：
Culture and Education
18. Share of value-added of cultural industry in GDP
–
Reflects the prosperity and development of a country’s
cultural industry.
19. Share of household’s expenses on cultural,
educational and recreational services in total expenses
–
Reflects the diversity of the people’s spiritual life and
improvement of their education.
20. Average years of education
–
Reflects the education level of the entire population.
20
System of Xiaokang Indicators
VI: Resources and Environment
Utilization efficiency
Per unit GDP energy consumption
Resource protection
Arable land area index
Environment
Environmental quality index
21
System of Xiaokang Indicators VI：
Resources and Environment
21. Per unit GDP energy consumption
–
Reflects the efficiency of resources utilization.
22. Arable land area index
–
Reflects the protection of arable land.
Arable land area index
=
Arable land area in the
reporting period
× 100%
Arable land area of the base
period (2000)
22
System of Xiaokang Indicators VI：
Resources and Environment
23. Environmental quality index
Environmental
quality index
=
Urban air quality
conformity rate
× 40%+
Surface water
conformity rate
× 40%+
Land greening
conformity rate
× 20%
23
System of Xiaokang Indicators
Aspect
Economic
Development
(29)
Social
Harmony
(15)
Indicator
Weight
Target
1. Per capita GDP﹡
12
≥31400RMB
2. Share of R&D expenses in GDP
4
≥2.5%
3. Share of value-added of the tertiary
industry in GDP
4
≥50%
4. Proportion of urban population
5
≥60%
5. Urban unemployment rate
4
≤6%
6. Gini Coefficient
2
≤0.4
7. Urban-rural resident income ratio
2
≤2.80
8. Regional economic development
disparity coefficient
2
≤60%
9. Basic social security coverage
6
≥90%
10. Gender disparity coefficient of
senior high school graduates
3
=100%
24
﹡Per
capita GDP is calculated use constant prices in 2000
System of Xiaokang Indicators
Aspect
Quality of
Life
(19)
Democracy
and Law
(11)
﹡Per
Indicator
Weight
Target
11. Per capita disposable income﹡
6
≥15000RMB
12. Engel’s coefficient
3
≤40%
13. Per capita usable floor space
5
≥27m2
14. Under-five mortality rate
2
≤12‰
15. Life expectancy
3
≥75 years old
16. Citizens’ satisfaction of
democratic rights
5
≥90%
17. Social safety index
6
≥100%
capita disposable Income is calculated use constant prices in 2000
25
System of Xiaokang Indicators
Aspect
Culture and
Education
(14)
Indicator
Target
18. Share of value-added of cultural
industry in GDP
6
≥5%
19. Share of household’s expenses on
cultural, educational and recreational
services in total expenses
2
≥16%
20. Average years of education
6
≥10.5 years
4
≤0.84 tons of
SCE per
10,000 RMB
2
≥94%
6
=100%
21. Per unit GDP energy
Resources and consumption﹡
Environment
22. Arable land area index
(12)
23. Environmental quality index
﹡Per
Weight
unit GDP is calculated use constant prices in 2000
26
2010
1.Per capita GDP
2000
2.Share of R&D expenses in GDP
3.Share of value-added of the
tertiary industry in GDP
4.Proportion of urban population
5.Urban unemployment rate
6.Gini Coefficient
7.Urban-rural resident income
ratio
8.Regional economic development
disparity coefficient
9.Basic social security coverage
10.Gender disparity coefficient of
senior high school graduates
11.Per capita disposable income
12.Engel’s coefficient
13.Per capita usable floor space
14.Under-five mortality rate
15.Life expectancy
16.Citizens’ satisfaction of
democratic rights
17.Social safety index
18.Share of value-added of
cultural industry in GDP
19.Share of household’s expenses
on cultural, educational and
20.Average years of education
21.Per unit GDP energy consumption
22.Arable land area index
23.Environmental quality index
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
27
Monitoring results of China’s Progress in
Building a Xiaokang Society
2010
2000
2010 vs.
2000
Annualized
growth
Economic
Development
76.1%
50.3%
25.8%
2.58%
Social Harmony
82.5%
57.5%
25.0%
2.50%
Quality of Life
86.4%
58.3%
28.1%
2.81%
Democracy and
Law
93.6%
84.8%
8.8%
0.88%
Culture and
Education
68.0%
58.5%
9.7%
0.97%
Resources and
Environment
78.2%
65.4%
12.8%
1.28%
Total
80.1%
59.6%
20.5%
2.05%
28
Monitoring results of China’s Progress in
Building a Xiaokang Society(2010)
HLJ
JL
XJ
LN
SX
NX
QH
XZ
SC
HUB
CQ
HUN
GZ
>90%
80%-90%
70%-80%
60%-70%
Not monitoring
YN
HB
HN
SHX
TJ
BJB
NMG
GS
GX
HAIN
GD
SD
AH
JS
SHH
ZJ
JX
FJ
T
W
29
Thank you
for your attention!
E-mail: shifd@gj.stats.cn
30