Efforts of the Philippine Statistical System
on the Compilation of Gender Statistics
By
Romulo A. Virola and Jessamyn O. Encarnacion
National Statistical Coordination Board
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
26-28 January 2009, Accra, Ghana
1
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
Outline of the Presentation
I. Introduction
II. The Philippine System of National Accounts
III. Efforts on the Measurement of the Contribution of
Women in the Economy
IV. Estimation Methodology
V. Results and Highlights
VI. Concluding Remarks and Recommendations
2
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
I. Introduction
•
•
Magnitude of poor
women
Poverty Incidence
(%)
2000
12.2 million
32.3
2003
11.6 million
29.0
Gender differential still remains as an issue in economic
participation

Economic participation - 80% for men versus 50% for
women in 2006

Employment rate - 74% for men versus 46% for women
in 2005
•
3
From 2000 to 2003, women accounted for the second largest
number of poor population (after the children)
Poses a challenge to the country in achieving Goal 3 of the
MDGs
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
I. Introduction
4
•
2000 pilot time use survey shows that men are more
“economically empowered” spending longer hours on
economic activities than women
•
Gender inequality in economic participation
•
Need for information on women’s and men’s contribution to the
economy
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
I. Introduction
•
Past efforts on the generation of satellite accounts:
a. “Measuring The Contribution of Women To The
Philippine Economy” by Romulo A. Virola and Sylvia
M. de Perio (1998)
b. “ Women’s Contribution To The Economy” by Romulo
A. Virola (1999)
•
5
Renewed calls for the NSCB to value women’s unpaid work
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
II. The PSNA
The PSNA Framework and Production Boundary
PSNA Framework
Market
Goods Services
Non-Market
Goods Services
Financial Corporation
Non-financial Corporation
General Government
Non-profit Institutions serving households
Households
6
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
II. The PSNA
Non-Market Services (unaccounted activities) include the
following (from SNA 1993, par. 6.4 ):
a. Cleaning, decoration and maintenance of the dwelling unit
b. Cleaning, servicing and repair of household durable goods,
including vehicles
c. Preparation and serving of meals
d. Care, training and instruction of children
e. Care of sick, infirm or old and
f.
7
Transportation of members of the household or their goods
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
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NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
II. The PSNA
•
Women usually produce the non-market services (unaccounted
activities) in their households
•
To adequately measure women’s contribution in society:
- means expanding the definition of the SNA production
boundary to include non-market services
8
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
II. The PSNA
Possible underestimation:
1. Outside the SNA Production Boundary
- non-market services in households
2. Within the SNA Production Boundary
a. Women in the entertainment industry
b. Women engaged in household operations
c. Women engaged in household-based agricultural
production
9
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
III.
Efforts on the Measurement of the Contribution of
Women in the Economy
1. Efforts in the International Community
10
Country
Year
Canada
United Kingdom
1998
1995
Finland
Germany
Bulgaria
2001
2001
1988
Denmark
1987
France
1985
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Value of
Unpaid Work
(in % of GDP)
33%
40%
120%
40%
31%
47%
71%
37%
21%
33%
36%
Remarks
generalist rate
based on net wages
based on gross wages
based on labor costs
based on net wages
based on labor costs
based on net wages
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
III.
Efforts on the Measurement of the Contribution of
Women in the Economy
Con’t
Country
11
Year
Norway
1992
Korea
Netherlands
2001
1990
Austria
Switzerland
1992
1997
Japan
1996
New Zealand
1999
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Value of
Unpaid Work
(in % of GDP)
39%
38%
37%
30-40%
108%
82%
138%
49%
41%
52%
23%
15%
20%
39%
Remarks
opportunity cost
specialist method
generalist method
opportunity cost
specialist method
opportunity cost
opportunity cost
specialist method
generalist method
opportunity cost
specialist method
generalist method
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
III.
Efforts on the Measurement of the Contribution of
Women in the Economy
2. Efforts in the Philippine Statistical System
a. “Measuring The Contribution of Women To The
Philippine Economy” by Romulo A. Virola and Sylvia
M. de Perio (1998)
b. “ Women’s Contribution To The Economy” by Romulo
A. Virola (1999)
3. United Nations “Position”
In the 1993 SNA: domestic and personal services produced for
own final consumption within households are still excluded in
the estimation of the GDP
12
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
IV. Estimation Methodology
•
Taking off from the methodology used by Virola and de Perio in
1998
•
Using updated parameters from the results of the 2000 TUS.
Total Unpaid Hours per Day (from various studies)
Total Unpaid Hours / Day
Women
NEDA
(1984), IPC /
ILLO (19851990) a/
Employed
4.271
Unemployed
6.575
Outside the Labor Force
6.575
Men
Employment Status
13
TUS / NSO (2000)
b/
Original
Adjusted c/
7.155
8.704
8.704
6.554
8.034
8.034
NEDA
(1984), IPC /
ILLO (19851990) a/
1.218
1.875
1.875
TUS / NSO (2000)
b/
Original
Adjusted c/
5.455
5.171
5.171
5.054
4.906
4.906
a/
Used in the 1998 study of Virola and de Perio
b/
Used in this study
c/
Details of the “original” were: 1) rescaled to add up to 24 hours (1 day); and 2) weighted using urban (for
Quezon City) and rural (for Batangas) population as weights.
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
IV. Estimation Methodology
1. GDP by Sex
a. Using Total Employment (from LFS)
b. Using Total Hours Worked (from LFS)
- Data from the LFS was used as weights
- Used hours – deemed to be more reflective of the “quantity”
of participation of women or men in the labor force
14
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
IV. Estimation Methodology
2. NFIA by sex
a. Net Compensation
- remittances by sex in the SOF was used as weights.
b. Net Property Income
- allocated equally to men and women due to unavailability of
an allocation basis
3. GNP by sex
- simply the sum of GDP and NFIA by sex
15
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
IV. Estimation Methodology
Employed
Unemployed
Outside the LaborForce

16
Unpaid work per day
Women
Men
6.554
5.054
during weekdays
8.034
4.906
during weekends
8.034
4.906
during weekends
Multiplied by the total number of employed, unemployed
and those outside the labor force from the LFS
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
IV. Estimation Methodology
Methods Used in Valuation of Unpaid Work
Method
1. Opportunity Cost (OC)
Monetary value
used in this study
Mean
compensation
per employee
2. Market Price (MP)
17
Generalist
Janitor
Specialist
N/A
Minimum Wage
Minimum wage
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Labor force
participation
•Employed
•Employed
•Unemployed
•Not in the labor
force
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
IV. Estimation Methodology
18

Unpaid household and community services by sex was
estimated using the same procedures except total time
spent in community services was included

Direct estimation of unpaid household was used in
computing for the self-valuation results
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
V. Results and Highlights

Accounting for Unpaid Work, Conventional GDP Increases
by 66.2 Percent!
Table 1. Pe rce ntage Dis tribution of Value of Unpaid Hours (Hous e w ork Se rvice s )
to GDP, At Curre nt Price s
% to GDP
Women
19
Men
Total
Year
OC/MP
MP
OC/MP
MP
OC/MP
MP
2000
46.69
40.73
48.60
27.42
95.28
68.15
2001
47.45
40.90
48.48
27.73
95.93
68.63
2002
47.23
40.84
49.27
27.80
96.51
68.64
2003
44.82
38.83
47.69
26.17
92.50
65.00
2004
43.55
37.90
48.16
25.63
91.70
63.54
2005
45.29
39.19
47.84
26.63
93.13
65.83
2006
44.89
38.93
48.56
26.40
93.45
65.33
2000-2006
45.52
39.46
48.34
26.73
93.86
66.19
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
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NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
V. Results and Highlights

Women’s Contribution to GDP increased by 8 Percentage
Points
Table 2. Percentage Share to GDP and Adjusted GDP by Sex, 2000-2006
Conventional GDP
20
Adjusted GDP
Year
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
2000
61.80
38.20
100.00
53.06
46.94
100.00
2001
60.42
39.58
100.00
52.27
47.73
100.00
2002
60.49
39.51
100.00
52.35
47.65
100.00
2003
61.62
38.38
100.00
53.21
46.79
100.00
2004
62.10
37.90
100.00
53.65
46.35
100.00
2005
61.12
38.88
100.00
52.92
47.08
100.00
2006
61.07
38.93
100.00
52.91
47.09
100.00
2000-2006
61.23
38.77
100.00
52.93
47.07
100.00
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
V. Results and Highlights

Women Account for 59.6 Percent of the Total Hours of
Unpaid Work!
Table 3. Pe r ce ntage Dis tr ibution of Total Unpaid Hour s of Wor k (Hous e w or k Se r vice s )
by Se x, Em ploye d, Une m ploye d and Not in the Labor For ce
2000-2006
Women
Men
Employed
44.68
55.32
A griculture, Fishery and Forestry
11.07
24.84
Mining and Quarrying
0.03
0.29
Manuf acturing
5.09
4.62
Electricity, Gas and Water
0.08
0.28
Construction
0.11
4.53
Wholesale and Retail Trade
21
12.99
6.31
Transportation, Communication and Storage
0.44
6.30
Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services
1.49
1.60
Government Services
8.04
5.17
Private Services
5.34
1.38
Unemployed
50.95
49.05
Not in the Labor Force
81.25
18.75
TOTA L
59.62
40.38
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
V. Results and Highlights

Women Not in the Labor Force Account for More than Half
of the Total Value of Unpaid Work of Women!
Table 4. Pe r ce ntage Dis tr ibution of Total
V alue of Unpaid Hour s of Wor k (Hous e w or k
Se r vice s ) by Se x for All (M ar k e t Pr ice ), In
At Cur r e nt Pr ice s
2000-2006
Wo m en
M en
40.62
74.23
5.12
7.28
N o t in t he Labo r F o rc e
54.26
18.49
T OT A L
100.00
100.00
Em plo yed
Unem plo yed
22
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
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NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
V. Results and Highlights

Women Accounted for only 27.4 while Men was higher with
72.6 Percent of the Total NFIA!
Table 5. Percentage Distribution of Net Factor Incom e from Abroad by Sex,
2000-2006, At Current Prices
NFIA
23
Net Compensation
Net Property Income
Year
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
2000
26.59
73.41
32.44
67.56
50.00
50.00
2001
29.51
70.49
36.25
63.75
50.00
50.00
2002
22.77
77.23
32.76
67.24
50.00
50.00
2003
26.33
73.67
34.12
65.88
50.00
50.00
2004
25.51
74.49
32.94
67.06
50.00
50.00
2005
30.39
69.61
35.92
64.08
50.00
50.00
2006
30.55
69.45
35.21
64.79
50.00
50.00
2000-2006
27.38
72.62
34.23
65.77
50.00
50.00
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
V. Results and Highlights

Women Contributed 46.2 Percent of the Adjusted GNP!
Table 6. Percentage Share to GNP and Adjusted GNP by Sex, 2000-2006
Conventional GNP
24
Adjusted GNP
Year
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men
Total
2000
37.51
62.49
100.00
46.20
53.80
100.00
2001
38.95
61.05
100.00
47.03
52.97
100.00
2002
38.50
61.50
100.00
46.73
53.27
100.00
2003
37.56
62.44
100.00
45.92
54.08
100.00
2004
37.01
62.99
100.00
45.41
54.59
100.00
2005
38.24
61.76
100.00
46.30
53.70
100.00
2006
38.24
61.76
100.00
46.24
53.76
100.00
2000-2006
37.99
62.01
100.00
46.23
53.77
100.00
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
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NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
V. Results and Highlights

New Estimates of Unpaid Work Almost Doubled!
Table 7. Com paris on of Old and Ne w Es tim ate s
2000-2006
% GDP
% GDP
2000-2006
OLD
NEW
37.03
66.19
Emp
Unemp
Women
% GDP
Women
Men
NITLF
OLD
NEW
10.44
16.03
1.65
2.02
17.52
21.41
OLD
NEW
Emp
4.78
19.84
29.62
39.46
Unemp
0.74
1.94
7.41
26.73
NITLF
1.89
4.94
Men
% GDP
OLD
NEW
10.44
16.03
Men
4.78
19.84
Women
1.65
2.02
Men
0.74
1.94
17.52
21.41
1.89
4.94
Women
Emp
Unemp
Women
NITLF
25
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
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Men
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V. Results and Highlights

Unpaid Work is Higher if Self-Valuation is Used!
Table 8. Percentage Distribution of Value of Unpaid Hours (Housew ork Services)
to GDP Using Self Valuation, At Current Prices
% to GDP (Market Price)
26
% to GDP (Self Valuation)
Year
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men
Total
2000
40.73
27.42
68.15
41.97
32.98
74.95
2001
40.90
27.73
68.63
43.84
34.25
78.09
2002
40.84
27.80
68.64
43.55
34.19
77.73
2003
38.83
26.17
65.00
43.83
34.38
78.21
2004
37.90
25.63
63.54
41.96
33.16
75.12
2005
39.19
26.63
65.83
40.56
31.84
72.4
2006
38.93
26.40
65.33
39.01
30.62
69.64
2000-2006
39.46
26.73
66.19
41.83
32.85
74.68
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
VI. Concluding remarks and recommendations
1. Methodology needs improvement
2. Data limitations of the PSS
3. Financial and manpower constraints of the NSCB
4. Reports appear to be comparable to other countries
5. Better appreciation from international community
will benefit the efforts to value unpaid work in the
SNA
27
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
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NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
VI. Concluding remarks and recommendations
6. Users should recognize the benefits from the
generation of statistics and it will be helpful if they
are able to demonstrate actual policy uses of
statistics.
7. Need for statistical capacity building of the
producers, users and the providers of statistics.
8. The Government thru the DBM and Congress should
realize that statistics will play a the critical role in the
global competition among knowledge-based
economies in the Third Millennium.
28
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
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NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
Maraming Salamat po!
URL: http://www.nscb.gov.ph
e-mail: info@nscb.gov.ph
29
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
JOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD