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A review on the dissemination of spatial census data in
European countries
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
14-17 September, 2010 Nairobi, Kenya
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1. Definitions and Recommendations relevant for spatial census data dissemination
2. GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics
3. UN recommendations and handbooks on the use of GIS for census data analysis and dissemination
4. Dissemination of census data using GIS
5. Web-based mapping and geo-portals
6. Some suggestions on planning spatial data dissemination
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1. Definitions and recommendations
1.1 Definition of web-based/internet mapping:
The use of internet as a mean to presenting and distributing geographic information.
• Static maps, as images
• Dynamic maps, using data-exchange protocols
(server side and client side approaches)
Request of a map
Map output or data and applets to the client
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1. Definitions and recommendations
1.2 Definition of geo-portal:
A geoportal can be defined as a web site that presents an entry point to geo-products on the web.
• search for spatial data sets and spatial data services
• subject to access restrictions
• view and download spatial data sets
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1. Definitions and recommendations
1.3 Definition of the census geographic framework:
The geographic collection and reporting units used by a census office in census enumeration and data tabulation.
This includes the hierarchical structure of census and administrative units, their designations and codes and the relationships between different units
United Nations, "Handbook on Geospatial Infrastructure in Support of
Census Activities", Series F No. 103, New York, 2009
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1. Definitions and recommendations
1.4 EU regulations:
REGULATION (EC) No 763/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL of 9 July 2008 on population and housing censuses (and its implementing Commission Regulations 1201/2009 and 519/2010)
“…establishes common rules for the decennial provision of comprehensive data on population and housing…”
“…‘regional’ shall mean at NUTS level 1, NUTS level 2 or NUTS level 3, as defined in the classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS)…”
“…‘local’ shall mean at Local Administrative Units level 2 (LAU level 2)…”
“…‘essential features of population and housing censuses’ shall mean…availability of small-area data…”
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1. Definitions and recommendations
1.5 EU Regulations (cont.):
REGULATION (EC) No 223/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL of 11 March 2009 on European statistics and repealing
Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1101/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the transmission of data subject to statistical confidentiality to the Statistical Office of the European Communities
“…establishes a legal framework for the development, production and dissemination of European statistics”
“…‘The development, production and dissemination of European statistics shall be governed by the following statistical principles:
- Professional independence - Impartiality - Objectivity – Reliability
- Statistical confidentiality - cost effectiveness confidential data: “means data which allow statistical units to be identified … disclosing individual information” – Disclosure control
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1. Definitions and recommendations
1.6 UNECE/CES Recommendations:
“Dissemination products should be developed which will allow statistical and geographical information to be delivered together with Geographical
Information Systems (GIS)…commensurate with assurances on
confidentiality. By having associated graphing and mapping capabilities, databases will greatly increase their usefulness. Ideally users should, themselves, be able to generate graphs and/or maps easily, and then to print or plot them or make the images available for other uses…”
“The main purpose of the census in a developed statistical system is to complement the information..with a focus on small domain statistics – that is information for small geographic areas and for small population
groups (both social and economic)... For small geographic areas, GIS technology can be used as means for both…”
The 2011 European censuses are output oriented (census methodology remains with states, ensuring data comparability)
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2. GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics
2.1 The INSPIRE directive
The EU Directive 2007/2/EC establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial
Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) entered into force in
2007. It is a major milestone for the use of Geographical Information in
Europe towards the establishment of an European Spatial Data
Infrastructure (SDI)
The INSPIRE Directive addresses 34 spatial data themes. These themes are subdivided in the three annexes of the directive http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
2.2 Working Party on “Geographical Information Systems for
Statistics, EUROSTAT. Reports of the annual meetings http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/giss/home
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2. GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics - INSPIRE
Annex I
1 Coordinate reference systems
2 Geographical grid systems
3 Geographical names
4 Administrative units
5 Addresses
6 Cadastral parcels
7 Transport networks
8 Hydrography
9 Protected sites
Annex II
1 Elevation
2 Land cover
3 Orthoimagery
4 Geology
Annex III
1 Statistical units
2 Buildings
3 Soil
4 Land use
5 Human health and safety
6 Utility and governmental services
7 Environmental monitoring Facilities
8 Production and industrial facilities
9 Agricultural and aquaculture facilities
10 Population distribution and demography
11 Area manag/restriction/zones & report units
12 Natural risk zones
13 Atmospheric conditions
14 Meteorological geographical features
15 Oceanographic geographical features
16 Sea regions
17 Bio-geographical regions
18 Habitats and biotopes
19 Species distribution
20 Energy Resources
21 Mineral Resources
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2. GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics - INSPIRE
Thematic Working Group on "Statistical Units & Population
Distribution“ . First outputs.
Statistical Units: Units for dissemination and for use of statistical data
- Areas (NUTS/Statistical Regions, census districts, urban/rural areas, management zones, postal area codes
- Points corresponding to addresses, households, centroids of areas
- Grids
Can spatially linked to administrative units, addresses, or land cover
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2. GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics - INSPIRE
Thematic Working Group on "Statistical Units & Population
Distribution“ . First outputs.
Population distribution – demography:
Geographical distribution of people, including population characteristics and activity levels, aggregated by grid, region, administrative unit or other analytical unit.
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2. GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics – WP on GIS and statistics at Eurostat
Current Eurostat principles on geographic information:
-The traditional use of GIS for illustration and analysis purposes is important but not sufficient
- There is a need for more detail on the spatial level
- The need to carry out more spatial analysis in order to derive statistically relevant information from geographical information
- The need to make GIS and its statistically relevant use cases more accessible, and to introduce it to a much wider group of users than was currently the case
- Interoperability
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2. GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics
GISCO Project (Eurostat): promotes and stimulates the use of GIS within the European Statistical System and the Commission, manages and disseminates the Geographical reference database of the Commission http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/gisco/
The ESPON 2007 –2013 Programme : analysis of territorial dynamics to support policy development in EU countries http://www.espon.eu/
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2. GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics
The GEOSTAT project European
Forum for Geostatistics (EFGS)
- to create EU-wide population grid maps from the 2011 census and to develop a methodological framework for geo-coding population mapping on km grids.
http://www.efgs.info
Geostat population map 2010
(Pop by 1 sq km grid)
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2. GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics – the case of Albania
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2. GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics – the case of Albania
Geocoding approach:
Buildings coded by grid cell (Unique ID at country level)
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2. GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics – the case of Albania
Geocoding approach:
Buildings coded by grid cell and by EA
Advantages: coding scheme not dependent on administrative units changes and flexibility to aggregate census data by EA and/or grid for dissemination
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3. UN recommendations and handbooks on the use of GIS for census data analysis and dissemination
Handbook on Geospatial Infrastructure in
Support of Census Activities, Series F No. 103,
New York 2009 http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/standme th/handbooks/Series_F103en.pdf
Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 2, Series M
No. 67/Rev.2, New York 2008 http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/ census/docs/P&R_Rev2.pdf
CensusInfo
A software package, based on DevInfo database technology, for census data dissemination http://www.devinfo.info/censusinfo/
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4. Analysis and dissemination of census data using GIS
Thematic maps
Maps communicate a concept or an idea or support textual information
Maps are attractive
Maps summarize large amounts of information concisely
Maps encourage comparisons
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4. Analysis and dissemination of census data using GIS
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4. Analysis and dissemination of census data using GIS
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4. Analysis and dissemination of census data using GIS
A MHARA
H ARARI
O ROMO
P EOPLE INDICATING
AN ETHNIC GROUP
50.0%
40.0% - 49.9%
20.0% - 39.9%
Ethnic group
Harari
Oromo
Amhara
Guragie*
Somali
Other or not stated
Total
No. of people
7,960
6,080
4,287
1,331
675
571
20,904
%
38.1
29.1
20.5
6.4
3.2
2.7
100.0
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4. Analysis and dissemination of census data using GIS
Dynamic census atlases
Alternative to a static census atlas
Publishing of a digital map and database together with mapping software can allow users to produce custom maps of census indicators closely integrated attribute table should contain only a selected number of census indicators
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4. Analysis and dissemination of census data using GIS
Some suggested thematic maps for census data
Population dynamics and distribution
% population change during inter-census period(s)
Average annual growth rate
Population density (persons per square kilometer)
Urban population as percentage of total population
Distribution and size of major cities and towns
In-migration, out-migration and net migration rates
Born in country and foreign-born
Born in another division of the country
Socio-economic characteristics
Adult literacy rate (aged 15 and over)
Mean years of schooling (aged 25 and over)
Illiteracy rate of population aged 15 and over
Illiterate population aged 15 and over
Educational level of population aged 10 and over
Labor force as percentage of total population
Percentage of labor force by economic sector
Demographic characteristics
Sex ratio (males per 100 females), by age groups
Percentage of population aged 0-14, 15-64, 65+
% of female population of child-bearing age (15-49)
Total dependency ratio
Marital status
Birth rate
Mean age at first marriage
Infant mortality rate
Household and housing
Average number of persons per household
Average number of dwelling rooms per household
Tenure status (owned, rented etc.)
Type of construction material
% of population with access to safe water
% of population with access to electricity
% of population with access to sanitation
% of population with access to health services
Source: UN (2008)
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4. Analysis and dissemination of census data using GIS
Spatial Analysis Techniques
Queries:
Often this is the first step in an analysis, where one seeks to create a subset of units such as populated places with certain characteristics, allowing the user to check how typical an observation is against other observations
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4. Analysis and dissemination of census data using GIS
Spatial Analysis Techniques
Buffering:
Involves building a new data layer by identifying all areas that are within a certain specified distance of the original
Buffering can be performed on points, lines and polygons and can be weighted by attribute values
Buffering can be used to model travel time, for instance, by creating a “catchment area” around a particular feature such as a street, a school or a clinic
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5. Web-based mapping and geo-portals
Some solutions:
MapServer is an Open Source platform (Opensource geospatial foundation) for publishing spatial data and interactive mapping applications to the web. Originally developed in the mid1990’s at the University of Minnesota http://mapserver.org/
Open source tools developed in the frameworks of most recent Web 2.0 standards.
It takes advantage of highly interactive
Google Maps
U
NITED
N
ATIONS
R
EGIONAL
S
EMINAR ON
C
ENSUS
D
ATA
D
ISSEMINATION AND
S
PATIAL
A
NALYSIS
14-17 S
EPTEMBER
2010, N
AIROBI
, K
ENYA

R
OBERTO
B
IANCHINI
, I
NTERUNIVERSITY
R
ESEARCH
C
ENTER FOR
S
USTAINABLE
D
EVELOPMENT
S APIENZA U NIVERSITY OF R OME , I TALY
6. Some suggestions on planning spatial data dissemination
-Consulting with data users and stakeholders
-Definition of geographic output products and services (Static and/or dynamic atlas), webGis application (internet mapping or geo-portal), and definition of products to disseminate (digital boundaries of administrative and statistical units, centroids, thematic maps, names of localities, grids, etc.)
- Preparation of a timetable of activities for the post-enumeration mapping activities
- Planning training activities on spatial data analysis and dissemination for the staff of the NSO at central and regional level
- Defining the disaggregated level of spatial data for dissemination to consider disclosure and privacy issues
- Analysis of the definitions urban/rural/periurban using census data
U
NITED
N
ATIONS
R
EGIONAL
S
EMINAR ON
C
ENSUS
D
ATA
D
ISSEMINATION AND
S
PATIAL
A
NALYSIS
14-17 S
EPTEMBER
2010, N
AIROBI
, K
ENYA

R
OBERTO
B
IANCHINI
, I
NTERUNIVERSITY
R
ESEARCH
C
ENTER FOR
S
USTAINABLE
D
EVELOPMENT
S APIENZA U NIVERSITY OF R OME , I TALY
THANK YOU for your attention!
roberto.bianchini@uniroma1.it
U
NITED
N
ATIONS
R
EGIONAL
S
EMINAR ON
C
ENSUS
D
ATA
D
ISSEMINATION AND
S
PATIAL
A
NALYSIS
14-17 S
EPTEMBER
2010, N
AIROBI
, K
ENYA