Spatial Analysis & Dissemination of Census Data
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Outline

Geographic Database

Spatial Analysis Techniques

Examples
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Geographic Database
 Geographical features (Conceptual Model)



Components selection
Attributes
Structure
 Spatial Relationships (explicit -Topolgy)
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Spatial relationships
 Logical connections between spatial objects represented
by points, lines and polygons
 e.g.,
- point-in-polygon
- line-line
- polygon-polygon
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Complete EA map with all components overlaid
on one map display
61
27
57
65
40
43
28
349
42
60
41
19
63
64
58
59
350
20
21
8
58
2
14
20
23
361
22
30
29
29
28
eet
Bonne Str
Robinson
Street
32
31
41
33
47
50
46
86
45
1
3
4
52
9
53
22
377
Cartania
Chartes
Maptown
16
11
10
9
25
378
26
8
27
32
34
10
33
21
Enumeration Area Map
Province:
District:
Locality:
EA-Code:
7
12
23
Bessel Street
54
13
15
52
51
2
14
84
85
24
51
54
58
2
83
Grinten Street
44
eet
Tissot Str
27
1
88
39
Street
50
49
28
Mollweide Street
Imhof Drive
48
59
29
77
78
Miller
42
43
76
80
37
40
34
374
21
20
19
82
81
87
41
30
18
Cassini Drive
79
42
Goode
33
68
69
70
38
31
32
13
362
71
43
27
28
12
36
23
Street
21
22
26
25
74
73
35
24
67
10
3
4
72
20
Cassini Drive
21
19
15
16
75
11
2
ive
44
17
64
5
Dr
51
3
18
Lambert Avenue
enue
tor Av
Merca
43
45
19
13
t
38
12
65
63
Gall Street
kij Street
Krassows
ree
Snyder St
37
66
57
Tobler Street
42
62
Street
9
Street
56
59
10
11
6
eet
e Str
Clark
7
1
Ortelius
Ptolemy
5
4
61
60
1
41
42
43
44
33
34
55
31
358
32
Eckert Drive
6
Main components are:
Street network,
Buildings
EA boundaries layer
Annotation,
Symbols,
Labels
Building numbers
Neatlines
Legend
45
31
35
22
62
Symbols
14
032
0221
00361
District
358
EA-Code
Locality
Hospital
EA
N
17
Building
number
Church
School
Approximate scale
0
50
100
200m
Census 2000
National Statistical Office - July 1998
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Spatial Operations
 “adjacent to”
 “connected to”
 “near to”
 “intersects with”
 “within”
 “overlaps”
 etc.
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Spatial Analysis Techniques
 the main use of spatial analysis is for census
products and services
 Techniques include: queries, distance
measurements, buffering, linear interpolation, point
pattern analysis, and cartograms, etc.
 All offer functionality beyond standard thematic
mapping, with many tools now available in both
commercial and open-source software programs.
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Spatial Analysis: Query
 select features by their attributes:

“find all districts with literacy rates < 60%”
 select features by geographic relationships

“find all family planning clinics within this district”
 combined attributes/geographic queries

“find all villages within 10km of a health facility that have high
child mortality”
Query operations are based on the SQL (Structured
Query Language) concept
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Examples:
Id
0012376027
Name
Population
Popdens
Num_H
H
Clinics
What is
at…?
Features that
meet a set of
criteria
Limop
31838
37.5
8719
8
Population density
greater than 100
persons/sqkm?
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
“is nearest to”
• Point/point
• Which family planning clinic is
closest to the village?
• Point/line
•Which road is nearest to the
village
• Same with other combinations of
spatial features
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
“is near to”: Buffer Operations
•
Point buffer
•
Affected area
around a Hospital
•
Catchement area of
a water source
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
“is near to”: Buffer Operations
•
Point buffer
•
Affected area around a polluting facility
•
Catchement area of a water source
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Buffer Operations
•
Line buffer
•
How many people live near the polluted river?
•
What is the area impacted by highway noise?
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Buffer Operations
•
Polygon buffer
•
Area around a reservoir where development
should not be permitted
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Spatial Analysis Techniques
 point-in-polygon analysis


Determines whether a point lies inside or outside a
polygon.
Can be used to compare geo-coded village centroids lying
inside and outside hazardous areas such as tropical storm
tracks or earthquake zones.
 Polygon overlay analysis


Involves comparison between the locations of two different
polygonal data layers.
For example, the boundaries of two administrative districts
could be compared to troubleshoot errors in the field
enumeration process
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
“ is within”: point in polygon
•
Which of the cholera cases are within the
containment area
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Problem:
We may have a set of point coordinates representing
clusters from a demographic survey and we would like to
combine the survey information with data from the
census that is available by enumeration areas.
Solution:
“Point-in-Polygon” operation will identify for each point
the EA area into which it falls and will attach the census data
to the attribute record of that survey point.
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Spatial aggregation
 Example of Spatial aggregation:

fusion of many provinces constituting an
economic region
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Spatial data transformation: interpolation
Example 1: Based on a set of station precipitation surface
estimates, we can create a raster surface that shows
rainfall in the entire region
13.5
20.1
12.7
26.0
27.2
15.9
24.5
26.1
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Example of linear interpolation creating contours
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Spatial Analysis Techniques

Thiessen polygons

Have the unique property that
each polygon contains only one
input point (e.g. settlements),
and any location within a
polygon is closer to its
associated point than to the
point of any other polygon.

This method assumes that the
values of the unsampled data
are equivalent to those of the
sampled points.
Thiessen polygons illustrated
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Areas of influence

Commuting
distances: daily
commuters flow
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Modeling/Geoprocessing
 modeling: identify or predict a process that has created or
will create a certain spatial pattern


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diffusion: how is the epidemic spreading in the province?
interaction: where do people migrate to?
what-if scenarios: if the dam is built, how many people will
be displaced?
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Modelling: smoothing

Evolution of the
population
beetwen two
censuses
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Spatial Analysis Techniques
 Cartograms

sometimes used to display
census results

The areas of the original
polygons are expanded or
contracted based on their
attribute values such as
population size or voting
habits
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Location-allocation problems
 Site selection
 Optimal allocation
 Multicriteria Analysis
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
Conclusion
 Geographic Database
 Topology
 Although spatial analysis is sometimes used during
the enumeration phase (clustering, for example,
can aid in identifying housing units to be
canvassed), the main use of spatial analysis is for
census products and services.
 Variety of techniques: buffering, overlay, modelling
 GIS: Decision making tool
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011
THANK YOU!
United Nations Regional Seminar on Census Data Dissemination and Spatial Analysis
Amman, Jordan, 16-19 May, 2011