SPIRITUALITY AND INDIVIDUAL WELL-BEING
Stefanie Baltazar Millonida
B. A., California State University, Sacramento, 2006
PROJECT
Submitted in partial satisfaction of
the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK
at
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO
SPRING
2010
SPIRITUALITY AND INDIVIDUAL WELL-BEING
A Project
by
Stefanie Baltazar Millonida
Approved by:
__________________________________, Committee Chair
Andrew Bein, PhD, LCSW
____________________________
Date
ii
Student: Stefanie Baltazar Millonida
I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University
format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to
be awarded for the Project.
__________________________, Graduate Coordinator ________________
Teiahsha Bankhead, PhD, LCSW
Date
Division of Social Work
iii
Abstract
of
SPIRITUALITY AND INDIVIDUAL WELL-BEING
by
Stefanie Baltazar Millonida
Spirituality is an emerging area of attention in social work. Exploring spirituality and the
role it played among individuals and their well-being was examined in this research
study. Interview responses of 10 voluntary participants were analyzed. Open-ended
questions regarding one’s thoughts, experiences, and perspectives on spirituality resulted
in various themes. Some emerging themes included the implication that spirituality
involved a belief in a higher being, that interviewees experienced social connection as a
result of incorporating spirituality, and that spirituality helped in times of distressing
events. Although each testimony differed as to how spirituality was incorporated in one’s
life, there were similarities in interviewee beliefs regarding what spirituality should
include. The study concluded that incorporation of spirituality yielded positive benefits
for individual emotional, physical, and mental well-being.
_______________________, Committee Chair
Andrew Bein, PhD, LCSW
_______________________
Date
iv
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to the three most important men in my life:
To my Husband, for your love and understanding that provided me with the strength to
endure these last 2 years,
To my Brother, for never failing to let me know how proud you are of me,
Lastly, to my Father, for your unconditional support that has always led me to pursue my
goals and dreams in life
With all my gratitude and love, Stefanie
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Dedication ..................................................................................................................... v
Chapter
1. THE PROBLEM ..................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
Background of the Problem .............................................................................. 2
Statement of the Research Problem .................................................................. 3
Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................... 3
Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................... 4
Definition of Terms........................................................................................... 6
Assumptions...................................................................................................... 6
Justification ....................................................................................................... 6
Limitations ........................................................................................................ 7
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 8
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 8
The Concept of Spirituality............................................................................... 8
Well-Being and Good Health; Positive Psychology ....................................... 10
Spirituality and the Divine .............................................................................. 14
Self-transcendence .............................................................................. 15
Spiritual transcendence ....................................................................... 18
Belief in an afterlife ............................................................................ 19
vi
Spirituality and Meaning in Life ..................................................................... 22
3. METHODS ........................................................................................................... 26
Study Design ................................................................................................... 26
Sampling Procedures ...................................................................................... 26
Data Collection Procedures............................................................................. 27
Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 28
Protection of Human Subjects ........................................................................ 28
4. FINDINGS ............................................................................................................ 29
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 29
Belief in a Higher Being ................................................................................. 29
Spiritual Journey ............................................................................................. 32
Solace of Spirituality During Challenging Times ........................................... 35
Social Connection and Spirituality ................................................................. 39
Religion as a Basis for Spirituality ................................................................. 41
Spirituality and Well-Being ............................................................................ 43
Researcher’s Reactions to Interviews ............................................................. 44
5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 46
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 46
Discussion of Results ...................................................................................... 46
Study Limitations ............................................................................................ 48
Implications for Social Work Practice ............................................................ 48
Recommendations for Future Researchers ..................................................... 49
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Appendix A. Interview Questionnaire ...................................................................... 51
Appendix B. Consent Form to Participate in Research Study .................................. 52
References ................................................................................................................... 54
viii
1
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
Spirituality can be considered a complex concept. It can play a role in the lives of
many individuals and can often be considered an important force. For some, spirituality
can offer peace, understanding of good and bad situations, a time for reflection, a moral
base, and a belief system (Wortmann & Park, 2008). It is important to acknowledge that
there are also individuals who feel they do not have a connection to spirituality and may
still be exploring what it means to them.
Although spirituality is an important force for many, it is not a concept that is
often discussed in social work. It is important to understand and recognize how a person
incorporates spirituality in his/her life. For some, spirituality helps in handling everyday
occurrences and/or facing challenging events. In others, spirituality often emerges in the
experience of death and grief.
It may seem apparent that having a sense of spirituality may ease and/or comfort
the thought and/or experience of death. Does the incorporation of having a spiritual life
affect the coping skills one has in experiences of death and grieving? Exploring the role
spirituality plays among individuals, especially in coping with death and grieving, can
provide insight on how to better understand and work with individuals on this particular
level.
Spirituality may also play a role in how people view their life and the world
around them. It can affect the relationships they have with others as well as how they
2
view their life in regards to their environment. In turn, an individual may use spirituality
to help cultivate various aspects of their life and promote well-being.
Background of the Problem
Spirituality has been prevalent throughout societies. According to Canda,
Nakashima, and Furman (2004), although there have been a significant amount of articles
and literature on spirituality, the topic still seems to be taboo. Even in social work, many
practitioners still do not have a basis for discussing the concept with their clients (Canda,
Nakashima & Furman, 2004). It may be due to a belief that spirituality is a personal
decision and to engage in conversation about it crosses boundaries. Another possible
reason is that spirituality can tap into one’s in-depth personal experiences making them
feel vulnerable.
There have been several research studies (e.g., spirituality and terminally ill
patients; spirituality’s effects on bereavement issues) that examines how spirituality
affects individuals’ lives. However, most of the studies looked at spirituality and the
areas of death, dying, and grief. Nonetheless, the areas began to be explored due to a
realization that not many research/studies went into identifying if spirituality and/or
religion affected individuals’ coping skills or bereavement (Wortmann & Park, 2008).
In social work, it seems that the topic of spirituality is seldom discussed between
clients and practitioners. It may be beneficial to understand how spirituality can assist an
individual cope during challenging events. However, in the history of social work,
practitioners were taught not to take a stance on the topic and be objective (Surface,
2006). As Surface (2006) presented, if spirituality was brought into client-practitioner
3
settings, it was assumed that there would be complications within the working
relationship and the topic would somehow interfere with the social worker’s ability to
assist the client. Yet, what seems to be the problem, as Sherwood stated, is the lack of
education and training to discuss and integrate the topic into the working relationship (as
cited in Surface, 2006). Although it is a topic that does not get considered in discussion,
spirituality can be a potentially important component of an individual’s physical,
emotional, and mental health. The need for integrating the topic into conversation
becomes important if an individual relays the importance.
Statement of the Research Problem
The study’s research question involves the role that spirituality may play in
people’s lives. Spirituality is multi-dimensional which makes it difficult to grasp what it
can encompass (Grassie, 2008). How one views and incorporates spirituality in life can
greatly differ from one person to another. Although studies have tried to research how
spirituality affects individuals’ lives, all have noted the simplistic measures used. The
simplicity does not account for tapping into the deeper, meaningful, and personal level of
how spirituality affects an individual. Difficulties surrounding this issue continue to
hinder the development of discussions involving spirituality.
Purpose of the Study
The primary purpose of this research study is to explore the role spirituality plays
among individuals, and in particular, how spirituality affects the well-being of an
individual. The study will take a look at other areas related to individual well-being and
spirituality, such as connecting with others and/or nature or practicing spiritual rituals.
4
Interviewing participants in the study may allow for and show other professionals the
benefits of incorporating conversations on spirituality and well-being.
Theoretical Framework
The wellness theory, as described by Schriver (2004) and Saleeby (1997),
coincides closely with the strength-based perspective. Both the wellness theory and
strength-based perspective offer an insight to understanding how an individual’s wellbeing, inner and outer strengths, physical self, emotional self, and how one views their
surrounding environment affects the relationship to self and others. Schriver (2004)
presents that an extremely important and strong relationship occurs between health and
wellness not only to an individual’s body and mind but to their environment as well.
Understanding the importance of the relationship provides a chance for an individual to
enhance their quality of life and their well-being instead of focusing on length of life
(Saleeby, 1997).
As studied by Roscoe (2009), wellness theory is not just the absence of physical
ailments. Rather, wellness theory is measured on the components that comprise the wellbeing of an individual. The components include an individual’s social, emotional,
physical, spiritual, intellectual, environmental, and even occupational being. All of these
components are used holistically in order to understand how one views him/herself in
relation to them. Using wellness theory helps in exploring the various components within
individuals and developing methods to increase optimal functioning (Roscoe, 2009). For
example, when using wellness theory in counseling, practitioners may focus on one
component, such as an individual’s emotional being, for developing goals for
5
improvement. In doing so, an individual becomes aware of their growth in the area
which in turn enhances their wellness (Snipes, 2009; Roscoe, 2009).
When the ability to become aware of wellness rises, it can lead to finding one’s
strengths. Identifying strengths provides the chance to work through challenging or
difficult events/situations. Instead of focusing on a person’s weaknesses, the strengths
based perspective presents an opportunity for an individual to see their positive traits,
skills, characteristics, etc. By acknowledging the assets, an individual is able to work
through the difficulties, stressors, and problems in life as well as develop new methods
and skills for coping (Hewitt, 2005). The strengths based perspective also accounts for
an individual’s environment and how it could be used to meet their needs. When using
the strengths based perspective in a client-worker relationship it allows for a collaborative
approach to work through problems. For example, instead of the practitioner identifying
the problems and issues, the focus turns to the client’s strengths and how to use them
positively.
Both wellness theory and strengths based perspective center on an individual’s
cognitive, behavioral, and environmental aspect. Spirituality may offer a chance for an
individual to foster their social, emotional, and psychological capacity. In doing so, as
the wellness theory suggests, it creates the opportunity for continuing optimal
functioning. For some individuals, spirituality can be a source of strength in overcoming
situations and/or events that are problematic. In the strengths based perspective,
spirituality would be identified as a positive asset.
6
Definition of Terms
Spirituality- refers to an ultimate reality or transcendent dimension of the world; an inner
path enabling a person to discover the essence of his or her being, or the deepest values
and meanings by which people live. The term is abstract. The definition can include
similar aspects from one individual to another, but the meaning of spirituality may be
unique to each. Spirituality is a term that does not exist in a way that can be easily
observable. For this study, spirituality is observed by words of interviewed individuals
who incorporate or have incorporated it in their life and are questioned on what
spirituality means to them.
Religion- a specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a
number of persons or sects.
Assumptions
The role of spirituality in an individual’s life varies from one to another.
Identifying the ways spirituality contributes to a person’s well-being is effectively arrived
at through ethnographic research methods.
Justification
Although social work acknowledges that spirituality can be an important
component in an individual’s life, it is seldom brought up in conversation with clients and
seldom taught in the social work curriculum. In the profession’s history, spirituality
seemed to be a personal boundary that should not be crossed between client and
practitioner (Surface, 2006). It appeared that the conversation would complicate the
working relationship, especially if both individuals held a different view. Yet, for some
7
clients, spirituality is an important aspect that assists during difficult times. The research
study proposed, will allow the opportunity to see the benefits of incorporating spirituality
in client-worker relationships. The reflections and sharing of experiences will provide
the profession of social work some insights to how conversations on spirituality are
conducive to a client’s well-being.
Limitations
The research study conducted is based on a convenience sample method which
will not allow the results to be generalized.
8
Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Each individual has their own meaning and definition in regards to spirituality.
With various meanings and definitions of spirituality it becomes difficult to create a
standard definition. Various spirituality definitions are explored.
The second literature review topic discusses the health benefits as well as
psychological and physical well-being that are gained when one incorporates spirituality
in their life. A discussion on positive psychology is integrated in this section.
Spirituality and the belief in God or a higher being is also brought forward. This
section discusses how the belief in a higher being may be important in one’s spiritual
growth. Sub-themes include a discussion on the belief in an afterlife, as well as spiritual
and self-transcendence.
Finally, the way individuals incorporate spirituality to help find meaning and
purpose in their life is discussed.
The Concept of Spirituality
The terms spirituality and religion can involve a variety of meanings (Grassie,
2008). For some, spirituality can include an individual’s own exploration and meanings
of different philosophies. For others, spirituality can involve seeking out the possibility
of becoming enlightened, finding the transcendent being or of becoming a better person
emotionally, physically, and/or psychologically (Emmett, 2008). Spirituality is a term
9
that can include trying to make sense out of life experiences as well as shaping one’s self
to be a better person.
In a meta-analysis of 32 studies regarding spirituality and its influence on
bereavement, Becker et al. (2007) found that a fifth of them addressed the issue of
defining spirituality. Throughout their research they came to the conclusion that
spirituality was an abstract term related to the never ending search for the meaning of
human existence (Becker et al., 2007). Spirituality becomes another state of reality or
transcendence that individuals embrace to make sense out of their lives, beliefs, and
values (Grassie, 2008).
Understanding spirituality involves inquiry into a number of areas (McLean,
1994). Questions that arise might involve what it means to be spiritual. Does being
spiritual mean to require a faith base? Can one be more spiritual than others? These
questions may be the beginning of understanding spirituality yet it should be noted that
spirituality can involve differing notions (McLean, 1994).
It is important to note the importance of language when acknowledging
spirituality. Although language paves the way for expressing and sharing spirituality, it
can possibly limit the exploration and all that it is included. For example, spirituality has
become such a broadened term that the concept of religion can be included or excluded in
its definition (Koenig, 2008). Spirituality can include religion. Religious forms and
practices may be viewed as one kind of spiritual expression (Canda, Nakashima, and
Furman, 2004).
10
Measuring spirituality and its effects on individuals can become problematic. For
example, when measuring spirituality and its effect on an individual’s well-being, coping,
and life’s challenges, etc., researchers have noticed that they were based on simplistic
concepts. Measurements consisted of such things as, identifying the number of times an
individual: attended church/services, prayed, or practiced certain rituals.
The complexities of defining spirituality can often coincide with the complexities
of human experiences. It seems many individuals question the meanings of
situations/experiences encountered in life. As a result, what one person perceives as a
spiritual experience can completely differ from another (Atchley, 2008). For example, in
Marques’ (2008), description of workplace spirituality, he stated that spiritual
identification included the concepts of acceptance, understanding, consciousness, and
peace, as well as creativity, meaning, and purpose. However, according to Atchley
(2008), spirituality not only included conscious experiences but unconscious ones as well
(e.g. dreaming). As Atchley (2008) noted, there are many individuals who go on their
own journey to find what spirituality means to them and how to incorporate it in their
life. The journeys and the experiences of the individuals present variety in meaning.
Well-Being and Good Health; Positive Psychology
Although there is complexity in defining spirituality, many seem to find a variety
of meaningful experiences when it is integrated in their life. Spirituality can offer
individuals a chance at reducing stress levels and/or encourage a healthy mental state.
For some individuals, spirituality offers a sense of well-being and good health and assists
with accepting the transitions of aging. For example, in a study done on aging adults,
11
Atchley (2008) found that those who held a spiritual orientation and often contemplated
on their spiritual experiences were able to acknowledge and be at peace with changes in
their health. Maintaining good health is essential to all individuals. Incorporating
spirituality in life can provide a backbone to sustaining a healthy physical, emotional, and
psychological life (Marques, 2008).
Substance abusers and their spiritual capacities offer a glimpse into seeing change
in health and well-being. A study on how substance abusers sought out strength through
spirituality showed a decrease in their need to seek out drugs or alcohol during
challenging times (Delaney, 2009). Usually when individuals encounter challenging
events or their levels of stress increase, there becomes a need to settle uncontrolled
emotions. People use a variety of mediums in which to work with the stressors. In the
case of substance abusers, stress relief comes forth in the use of drugs/alcohol, which
creates a more harmful and stressful effect on the body (Delaney, 2009). Substance
abusers going through treatment have found that their spiritual capacities/beliefs, helped
achieve overall stress relief. Their practices associated with spirituality were also shown
to increase. Instead of seeking drugs and/or alcohol to provide an emotional escape,
substance abusers saw the positive effects of spirituality on their well-being and some
became involved in formal religious practices (Delaney, 2009).
A study was done on African/Caribbean women regarding their perceptions of
health, socio-economic status, and aging. It was found that spiritual and/or religious
beliefs, positively affected their mental health status as well as their physical health
(Unson, Trella, Chowdhury, & Davis, 2008). Those who regularly incorporated and
12
practiced spiritual/religious rituals stated that they had more physical and emotional
benefits in their life.
The incorporation of spirituality in one’s life can lead to contemplation of life
events and experiences. Spirituality and contemplation can pave the way for
mindfulness, which in turn can lead to an emotional well-being. Mindfulness, offers an
individual an opportunity to quiet the mind and be at peace with the present moment. In
doing so, the individual can be at an emotional harmony not only with the self but with
their environment as well. This balance in harmony can lead to a reduction in stress and
an understanding of life’s experiences and situations (Marques, 2008). The practice of
mindfulness is originally derived from Buddhism and Eastern philosophy but in no way
is it primarily focused on religious components. Rather, mindfulness is one way that
incorporates spiritual aspects which when practiced every day, offers individuals a
chance to good health and emotional well-being. (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009). For
example, individuals who may have trouble sleeping can turn to mindfulness as a way to
focus on the event itself. Mindfulness suggests one let go of the distractions from the day
to prepare and center the mind on sleeping. This practice of mindfulness allows the
individual to relax the mind and body and can be the beginning to individual well-being.
Another emerging development that correlates with spirituality and the
components of health and well-being is the field of positive psychology. Even with
differing orientations, positive psychology aims its focus on understanding the physical
and psychological well-being and how to continue with optimal functioning (Coetzee &
Viviers, 2007). Positive psychology includes three aspects. The first aspect, subjective
13
experience, includes an individual’s capacity for well-being, happiness, and inner flow of
self. The second aspect incorporates an individual’s traits and characteristics, such as
gratitude, courage, hope, and patience. Finally, the third aspect is interpersonal and
group level virtues of civility or sense of community. All three aspects help to outline an
understanding of human strengths and positive functioning.
Positive psychology is slowly gaining recognition in various types of counseling
work. It focuses on the functioning and capacity of human well-being. Integrating
positive psychology in the counseling profession provides opportunities to focus on
individual well-being. In a study done by Harris, Thoresen, and Lopez (2007) on
integrating positive psychology in counseling, spirituality was considered one out of two
important intervention targets to understand an individual’s emotional strength and wellbeing. The researchers suggested that spirituality was an important factor to be
considered for strength-based counseling. Spirituality can create a positive impact on
many individuals' lives and their experiences. Although the incorporation of an
individual’s spiritual beliefs and concepts should not be the main source of use in
counseling, they can be considered valuable aspects. The benefits of integrating
spirituality into counseling offer the practitioner the chance to have the individual easily
identify their own strengths instead of focusing on deficits. Integrating elements of
positive psychology in counseling offers individuals a chance to account for the positive
experiences and memories in their lives as well as appreciate and monitor their wellbeing (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).
14
Positive psychology, the role of spirituality in people’s lives, and the practice of
mindfulness intersect in understanding an individual’s strength and positive emotional
state. Integration of these three components in practice may lead to client self-efficacy
(Harris, Thoresen, & Lopez, 2007). When an individual presents with self-efficacy there
is a much higher chance for change. Benefits of self-efficacy often lead to positive health
developments and/or results, behavior, and psychological well-being (Harris et al., 2007).
Spirituality and the Divine
Individuals have flexibility in choosing what aspects and dimensions of
spirituality work best in their life. Although spirituality does not have to be religious in
nature, there are individuals who feel that that component or aspects of it are important in
their spiritual development. For example, God, in terms of Christian sects, does not
necessarily need to be the ideal focus in spiritual experiences, yet, for some, a belief in
the Divine or a higher transcendent being is necessary. The manner in which the Divine
is defined, points to the character of one’s spirituality.
The search for a spiritual belief in the Divine or higher transcendence has been
part of the human experience. Some individuals find that the meaning in their spirituality
coincides with the relationship they have with God, the Divine, or a higher transcendence
(Greenway, Phelan, Turnbull, & Milne, 2007). Whether that relationship is positive or
negative coincides with how a person views their spiritual life. According to Greenway,
Phelan, Turnbull, and Milne (2007) a positive or negative relationship can have an effect
on the individual’s relationship with themselves. A positive relationship may lead a
person to focus on making positive changes not only in their physical life but in their
15
spiritual life as well. Some believe that the kind of relationship one has with The Divine
affects what happens in the afterlife or other realm.
Incorporating a belief in a higher transcendence can affect how a person dictates
as well as views their day to day life and experiences. For some, the quest of a higher
being leads to a sense of enlightenment, spiritual growth, and/or even a transcendence of
the self. Self transcendence allows individuals to cope with challenges and overcome
inner and outer negative experiences as well as accept them (Greenway, Phelan,
Turnbull, & Milne, 2007).
Self-transcendence. Self-transcendence is a concept that has been incorporated in
discussions of spirituality and spiritual growth. It is defined as the ability to experience
life on another level. Self-transcendence goes beyond a human’s understanding of space
and time and allows for the ability to see and understand that there is a unity within the
complex dimensions of nature and human relationships (Greenway, Phelan, Turnbull, &
Milne, 2007). There is more to experience than what is simplistically felt. Selftranscendence explains how an individual can direct and drive their selected behavior and
create relationships not only with the self and the environment but with a higher being as
well (Greenway et al. 2007). As stated earlier, there is a connection between an
individual’s behavior and how they view their relationship to God, The Divine, or a
higher being. Self-transcendence helps to explain the connection as well as provide
spiritual coping strategies when the relationship presents negative effects on the
individual.
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As much as one can have a positive relationship with a higher being, so too can a
negative one exist. Spiritual relationships that involve negative coping strategies can be
deemed problematic. In this type of relationship, individuals tend to have a negative
view of God or a higher being/transcendence. For example, viewing God or a higher
power as a punishing or controlling entity may place individuals in distressed moods
which can lead to emotional suffering (Greenway, Phelan, Turnbull, & Milne, 2007).
Emotional suffering may then lead individuals to question their belief in a higher power
and thus go through a spiritual struggle. Bryant and Astin (2008), in their research on
spiritual struggle during college years provide perspectives on how some students
question why God or a higher being would allow for human suffering. These
perspectives lead to anger and confusion and students distanced themselves from
religiosity or spirituality. The confused perceptions about the presence of suffering and
evil had caused students to have a negative outlook on life (Bryant & Astin 2008).
Negative coping strategies through spirituality can also present positive aspects in
an individual’s life. Although one’s relationship with a higher being can be seen as
controlling or punishing, it may motivate the individual for personal change. Also,
according to Dabrwoski an individual’s personal distress may force one to foster spiritual
change and become closer to the belief in a higher being (Greenway, Phelan, Turnbull, &
Milne, 2007).
Attitudes of a positive relationship may include a view of the transcendent being
as caring and loving. These types of attitudes enable individuals to cope positively
during challenging times and to develop strategies in overcoming distress. Positive
17
relationship attitudes also assist with spiritual and personal growth and enhance the
spiritual relationship with a higher being (Baldacchino, Donia, Draper, & Peter, 2001).
In cases of terminally ill patients, a study done by Reed on spiritual coping
strategies, found that patients’ self-transcendence was high and a strong relationship was
held with a higher being or God (as cited by Baldacchino et al., 2001). It was found that
self-transcendence in these patients was due to the incorporation of religious aspects,
such as prayer and religious activities (Baldacchino et al., 2001). According to Smith,
patients who held no religious beliefs, but used spirituality to connect with others and
nature, also held a positive relationship with a higher being (as cited in Baldacchino et al.,
2001). These patients and their relationship to a higher being helped them to positively
understand and come to terms with their illnesses. It also helped them look towards a
deeper meaning in their life.
A positive relationship with God, or higher being/transcendence, may also lead to
negative aspects in terms of self-transcendence. Although a spiritual belief in a higher
being may be present, an individual may strongly depend on the higher being to get them
through difficult and challenging times (Greenway, Phelan, Turnbull, & Milne 2007).
This fosters a weak self-transcendence within an individual because they forget to use
their own emotional abilities to help them go through difficult situations. If an individual
continues with a passive pattern and challenging situations do not change, a negative
relationship may occur, causing the individual to think they have been abandoned
(Greenway et al., 2007).
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Self-transcendence allows an individual to foster a growing relationship with
themselves as well as the surrounding dimensions that encompass their life. As discussed
earlier, self-transcendence integrates an individual’s spirituality with their emotional and
mental well-being.
Spirituality is an important dimension for an individual’s growth. In order to
further explore how much spirituality affects an individual’s self-transcendence, the
development of the Spiritual Transcendence Scale (STS) was created. This scale focuses
more on the individual and their capacities to foster or develop their spirituality through
their life.
Spiritual transcendence. The Spiritual Transcendence Scale, developed by Ralph
Piedmont, was created on non-denominational terms to understand and measure an
individual’s spiritual need for finding and developing meaning in their life (as cited in
Piedmont 2007). Just like self-transcendence, spiritual transcendence measures an
individual’s surrounding environment and how it relates to their spiritual growth and
well-being. Spiritual transcendence uses three constructs to measure an individual’s
spirituality.
Piedmont states that the constructs, Prayer Fulfillment, Universality, and
Connectedness, all contribute to an individual’s creation of self-transcendence (as cited in
Piedmont 2007). Also integrated in the constructs are spirituality and a connection to a
higher being/transcendence.
Prayer fulfillment involves the feelings of joy and contentment when a
relationship with a transcendent reality is present (Greenway, Phelan, Turnbull, & Milne,
19
2007). The second construct, Universality, states that all life intersects with a higher
level of existence or transcendent reality. Lastly, Connectedness, states that an individual
is part of a larger realm. The individual is vital and important in sustaining the
connection with all of life’s creations. In other words, we are all responsible for one
another. All three constructs of the Spiritual Transcendence Scale have been used to
measure the connection and understanding of one’s relationship with a higher being and
their own self-transcendence. Incorporation of the constructs showed a correlation of
positive coping strategies when one viewed God or a higher being as caring or loving.
A belief in an afterlife or realm also helps people in developing individual selftranscendence. Belief in an afterlife often coincides with a positive outlook of one’s own
life. A positive outlook can involve an anticipation of spiritual life after physical death.
Yet a belief in an afterlife can also correlate with fear. Fear of death, for example, may
be due to an individual’s realization that perhaps their life has had negative attributes.
Looking further into a belief in an afterlife provides insight to how people view their own
life and how it can coincide with their well-being.
Belief in an afterlife. Most literature on the belief in an afterlife coincides with
death and dying. Whether one believes in an afterlife or not, a correlation may exist
between the well-being of an individual, and their relationship with a higher being.
For example, individuals going through terminal illness struggles and who are at
the end of their life, often turn to their spiritual/religious beliefs for comfort and peace.
This comfort and peace comes from knowing that they may be entering a new realm of
life (Edmonson, Park, Chaudoir, & Wortmann, 2008). In a case study done on 98
20
patients who had congestive heart failure, it was found that a belief in an afterlife
provided religious/spiritual comfort and reconciled death concerns and depression
(Edmonson et al., 2008). A positive outlook on an afterlife with God or a higher
being/transcendence also holds positive emotions and perceptions with one’s current
worldview. At the end of physical life, having a belief in an afterlife, has shown to
decrease despair and increases psychological functioning in terminally ill patients
compared to those who did not hold those beliefs (Mc-Clain-Jacobson, Rosenfeld,
Kosinski, Pessin, Cimino, & Breitbart, 2004).
Although most studies showed that individuals who had a belief in an afterlife
held a positive outlook of death, some studies showed that some individuals had high
anxiety when thinking about death. The anxiety can be attributed to a degree that
individuals who hold a belief in an afterlife may see punishment due to negative aspects
of their life. As described earlier, some individuals may see God or a higher
being/transcendence as a punishing entity. These individuals may view a negative
afterlife and believe they have to suffer consequences for a life that may have otherwise
not been positively lived. Views of a negative afterlife may produce emotional and
psychological dysfunctions for individuals towards the end of life.
Belief in an afterlife may also be associated with individual bereavement. For
example, feelings of anxiety and sadness can overwhelm an individual when suffering a
loss or the nearing of one. An individual who holds a positive outlook on life after death
may be consoled knowing and understanding a loved one will be in a pleasant afterlife
(Campione, 2004). Batten and Oltjenbruns (1999) identified a theme in which
21
individuals can learn to embrace coping with death. By releasing the view that death is
burdensome and painful to one in which death is the liberation of life into another realm
may assist in acceptance. The acceptance of death positively coincides with a belief in an
afterlife.
A promise of reuniting with loved ones or with God or a higher being coincides
with bereavement and the belief in an afterlife (Rayburn, 2008). The belief that a loved
one who has passed will connect with other passed family members and be in a “better”
place, presents positive coping skills in individuals who are bereaving. In a study done
by Wortmann and Park (2008) it is noted that a connection exists between the belief in an
afterlife and bereavement. The study consisted of a sample of bereaved parents whose
newborns had passed away. It was found that a belief in the existence of a spiritual realm
or afterlife was helpful in grief because the parents were able to find meaning in their
loss. It is also important to understand an individual or families cultural beliefs in an
afterlife. Respecting and honoring cultural beliefs provides a sense of hope for
individuals and families (Rayburn, 2008).
A belief in an afterlife has been shown to assist individuals in accepting death and
reducing death anxiety. In addition to a belief in an afterlife, a belief in God or higher
being/transcendence is also significant in accepting death and reducing anxiety (Harding,
Flannelly, Weaver, & Costa, 2005). Harding et al. (2005) noted that individuals who
stated they believed in an afterlife as well as a belief in God or a higher being held less
anxiety over the thought of death. The study measured the relationship between
religiosity, death acceptance, and death anxiety with the focus on the belief in God or
22
higher being and an afterlife. The study also showed that although people possessing
beliefs about an afterlife had less death anxiety, some death anxiety was still present.
Spirituality and Meaning in Life
Throughout the course of a person’s life, there are times when one searches to
find reasons as to why they exist on earth. The meaning of life seems to be a question
that often gets asked. In that one question, many more questions soon develop.
Spirituality seems to play an important part when questioning existence. Spirituality
becomes incorporated when questioning the purpose of life, what role is the individual
expected to play in life and if spirituality is connected.
For many individuals it may be hard to face the uncertainties of life. When
challenges are faced it may become difficult to navigate through life. This difficulty
increases when there is ambiguity regarding what actions need to be taken in the face of
challenges. Although spirituality can provide assistance in some life events, there is a
degree of uncertainty. Uncertainty about spirituality is enhanced when one does not
know how it can provide assistance in life. In these instances, individuals often face what
becomes a spiritual struggle. Some individuals may struggle to understand how or why
spirituality does not help when experiencing difficult circumstances (Bryant & Astin,
2008). This leads individuals to begin questioning their spiritual beliefs. One may
become confused regarding the benefits of spirituality. Thoughts about the existence of
suffering or questioning why God or a higher being lets evil/bad things occur fosters the
questioning of spirituality.
23
Although there are many reasons as to why one may question spirituality, the
individual’s struggle over their identity and life occurs often (Bryant & Astin, 2008). The
stress that stems from this struggle coincides with negative health and psychological
factors. For example, Hill and Pargament state that some individuals may display anger,
confusion, low-self esteem, and a skewed mood (as cited in Bryant & Astin, 2008). In
these cases it becomes important to acknowledge the reasons why one faces a spiritual
struggle then identify strategies in which positive results could occur. For some
individuals, distressed times do lead to spiritual and personal growth. This development
is significant and can foster change in an individual. In a study done by Chickering and
Reisser of college students and the disconnection of spirituality/religiosity, it was found
that most spiritual struggle occurs during these years (as cited in Bryant & Astin, 2008).
Yet identifying difficulties and challenging times leads students toward a deeper
appreciation and sense of meaning in their life and opportunities to identify and/or
cultivate their spiritual beliefs.
For some individual’s, the connection of spirituality and a deeper life meaning is
more apparent. During times of death and bereavement, for example, many seem to find
spirituality. Spirituality may become a basis for finding meaning and for coping and
dealing with loss (Davis, Wortmann, Lehman, & Silver, 2000). In coping with loss,
family members who are in the grieving process find it easier to identify meaning in life
when there is a belief in life after death (Batten & Oltjenbruns, 1999). McClain-Jacobson
et al. (2004) who studied the effects of spiritual well-being within 276 terminally ill
and/or dying patients found that spirituality provided a deeper sense of meaning in life
24
and eased the thought of death. The study took into account a belief in an afterlife and
measures of religiosity. For the subjects studied, spirituality had a powerful effect on
their psychological functioning and contributed to the development of peace within
themselves. It appears that spirituality becomes an important factor towards the end of
life (Rutland-Wallis & Maddry, 2001).
Incorporating spirituality in one’s life can provide and serve as a means to
cultivating a life that is meaningful and purposeful. Spirituality allows one to overcome
and face the challenges in life and can lead to a greater acceptance of death (Hui & Fung,
2009).
Spirituality is often important in creating a meaningful active life. Many
experience a need to question the meaning of life’s purpose. The search provides a
chance to understand the significance and connection one has to the self, to others and to
nature, and to the transcendent realm or afterlife (Atchley, 2008). The beginning of
understanding is not the end to the quest. Individuals continue the quest and many
embrace making changes for spiritual and personal growth (Atchley, 2008).
Spirituality and spiritual experiences, are not only important in connecting with
the self, but also in connecting with others and nature and in order to find strategies to
address spiritual and self-transcendence. Solomon and Wane (2005) indicate the
importance of establishing and respecting the relationship not only with the self but with
all other people and with all of nature in order to maintain balance and harmony. Being
in connection with others allows for a better understanding of the relationships one holds.
Connection also provides a strong social network in which each individual can support
25
one another (Unson, Trella, Chowdhury, & Davies, 2008). In the case of indigenous
healers, being connected to all relationships helps them in providing better healing and
medicine as well as conducting their ceremonies (Solomon & Wane, 2005).
26
Chapter 3
METHODS
Study Design
The research study conducted was based on a qualitative explorative design. The
study consisted of voluntary research participants who were individually interviewed.
The purpose of the interviews was to gather an understanding of each individual’s
experience and perception of spirituality and well-being.
Spirituality is an abstract concept. It is a term that may not be easily observable.
Each individual may have a different perspective, view, and experience when it comes to
spirituality. The use of qualitative explorative research in this study creates opportunities
for exploring the outer limits of spirituality. The interview questions were developed to
be semi-structured and open-ended to promote discussion.
Sampling Procedures
Non-probability snowball sampling was used in this research study. Ten
voluntary individuals whose particular spiritual insights and experiences were of great
interest to this researcher were selected.
A semi-structured questionnaire was developed for this research study. A total of
13 questions were created [see Appendix A]. Each question was developed to be openended so each participant would be able to discuss in detail their experiences,
perspectives, and reactions regarding spirituality. Also, some questions were developed
so that the participants could explore and delve further into deeper meanings of
spirituality in their life. Three foundations guided the construction of questions: the
27
meaning of spirituality, the connection of spirituality and belief in an afterlife, and coping
through difficult times using spirituality. Some examples of the questions included, how
does spirituality help you in times of challenging events, in what way do you feel
spirituality helps you connect with others, nature, and yourself, and what does spirituality
mean to you? The interviews were then conducted in a place that the participant felt
comfortable in.
Data Collection Procedures
For this research study, a total of 13 open-ended interview questions were
created. The questions consisted of 2 demographic questions and 11 were questions
based around the exploration of spirituality and individual well-being. Each question was
developed to be open-ended so that each interview will promote discussion.
A total of 10 voluntary adult (18 and over) participants were interviewed using
the open-ended questions. Each participant was given a written consent form to sign at
the time of interview that described the purpose of the research study, the risks involved
in participating, that the interview was strictly voluntary, and each interview will be kept
strictly confidential [see Appendix B]. Each participant was notified that the interview
would be tape-recorded and each participant initialed for consent. Also provided on the
consent form was a list of counseling services that would be available to the participants
if they felt the need would arise. Participants were notified that there would be no
inducements offered for this research study.
Each participant’s interview was tape-recorded. The recorded interview was
labeled with an identification number and contained no formal names written on the
28
tapes. From each interview, relevant information and themes were identified that were
pertinent to the purpose of the research study.
Data Analysis
From the tape-recordings of the interviews, important aspects and themes were
gathered using codes. Emerging codes were developed after debriefing with Project
Advisor, Andrew Bein. The codes were refined through further analysis and sorting of
interviews.
Protection of Human Subjects
Before the process for interviewing and data collection began, a Request for
Review for the Protection of Human Subjects was submitted to the Sacramento State
Committee Division of Social Work for approval. The human subjects form explained
the purpose of the research study, the risks involved for participating, and how the
researcher insured the participants’ involvement would be voluntary and remain protected
and confidential. The committee approved this research study as minimal risk (#09-10055).
29
Chapter 4
FINDINGS
Introduction
The following results are based on interviews with 10 individuals. The sample
was based on an interest this researcher had in terms of their conveyance of their
spirituality. The ages of the individuals ranged from 25-40 years old. Ethnicities of
individuals included Caucasian, Asian, African-American, and Hispanic/Caucasian mix.
Each individual was interviewed regarding personal experience of spirituality and the
effects spirituality had on their life. The results follow.
Belief in a Higher Being
When asked about the meaning of spirituality, all research participants stated they
incorporated a belief in a higher being. This belief, according to each individual,
stemmed from the thought that there is something bigger than human life itself. As one
interviewee stated, “a belief in a higher being is the driving force for the actions in your
life”. The belief in a higher being also became a basis for being able to get through
difficulties in life.
Out of the 10 respondents, 5 expressed that there was a longing to find the
connection or belief in a higher being. These participants had no religious or spiritual
background growing up, yet there was a “knowing” and “feeling” that something higher
existed. Two individuals stated that although their parents never told them about God
there was an inclination to know and understand who “He” was. One woman recalled as
a child her search for a higher being:
30
For me, in times of physical or verbal abuse, even though I didn’t know
about it, I would pray because I wanted someone, God, whoever that
higher being was, to help me. I was little and I wanted Him to help me
and help my mom stop doing these mean things to me. I just wanted
someone to be there, even though I didn’t know who this spiritual being
was or who God was. I needed someone and that’s how it all started, I
was curious. When I found out about God as a little girl, from my friends,
I was doing it on my own. I would sit there, in my room, after my mom
would yell at me and I would pray to Him.
Another respondent shared a similar experience as a child questioning and
searching for a higher being. Even without a spiritual basis this individual knew
something greater existed that made things the way they were. She stated that without a
religious or spiritual background to find answers, the beginning of a journey was
cultivated. The journey became a path to finding out whom or what the higher being
was. This individual states that a belief in God was the result and is a basis for her
current spirituality.
Not having a belief in a higher being, as one individual shared, creates feelings of
loneliness. “It must be lonely to think you are on your own especially if you are at your
lowest because people will always fail you somehow or another but a belief in a higher
being can and will always get you through”. This person’s belief in God was an aspect of
resiliency during difficult times. It provided a reason to keep pushing through all the
challenges that life presented. One man had a similar thought stating, “I feel bad saying
31
this but I think in order to be spiritual there should be a faith of some sort and a belief in a
higher being. I think someone who considers themselves atheist or who doesn’t believe
in something higher, are not going to be as spiritual as those who do.”
Two respondents stated that growing up there was a presence of religion in their
life but have strayed away from it. Religion was no longer a base for their spirituality.
Although religious aspects of these respondents was no longer prevalent, spirituality
continued to develop and a belief in a higher being remained. One man stated that
although he did not label himself spiritual or religious, he held a belief in a higher being.
The higher being, in his view, had correlated with aspects of a guardian angel. He shared
that he always had a strong feeling of being looked over and taken care of especially
during the multiple times he encountered near death experiences.
A connecting theme with the belief in a higher being is the belief in a greater
existence. Respondents shared that a belief in a greater existence helped them understand
that there are many things in the world that cannot be explained. The unexplainable
meant there exists something far beyond human understanding. One man shared,
“Science wasn’t created first. I think a higher being or a greater existence created science
in order for humans to discover and foster it. Is there anything else that can explain it?”
Another individual stated, “There is so much that surrounds us on earth that we can’t
explain to say that something higher doesn’t exist or that there isn’t more than what we
know”.
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Spiritual Journey
Spiritual journey was a theme that naturally emerged among a majority of
participants. The participants expressed that a journey was necessary to either search for
spirituality or to deepen the meaning of their spirituality. All individuals who shared that
a journey was involved in their spirituality also expressed that they experienced
difficulties on their path. For those who had no spiritual or religious background, the
journey involved research, questioning, influence from others such as friends and
entering into discussions with others. There was a great deal of confusion and feeling
lost. One woman stated that her journey became challenging when she moved from her
country of origin, China, to the United States during her adolescent years. Growing up,
her spiritual search was encouraged by her parents. Yet, when she moved to the United
States she came alone. It became a time of trying to understand a culture unknown to her
which made her spiritual journey more complicated. She was exposed to new
experiences and had to adjust to a different lifestyle.
Four participants shared that their spiritual journey lasted between 10-15 years.
They recalled that the most difficult part of their spiritual journey was prominent towards
the end of high school to the beginning of their college years. Although these individuals
were open to what spirituality could offer them it continued to be questioned. It became
a time of struggling with self-identity. This led to a difficulty in exploring what
spirituality really meant to them, where it fit in, and what it encompassed. This was a
time when these individuals attended various religious congregations, events such as
bible studies, conferences, and youth groups. This was also a period when they were
33
influenced by spirituality/religion of others and they attempted to identify what worked
for them.
One woman’s experience with her religious faith had become difficult. She
encountered backlash from many congregation members as well as religious leaders
when trying to help a friend who strayed away from church. This caused her to feel
ostracized in what she thought was supposed to be a supportive, loving, and encouraging
community. The feeling of acceptance was lost several times. As a result, it became
difficult for her to be part of any other congregation and deterred her from looking to
another organized religion for spirituality. She acknowledges missing the feeling of
fellowship and service but is aware that she is not ready to go back. She continues to stay
on the path of a spiritual journey.
Another woman shared her path to accepting and appreciating her spirituality:
To be very honest with you, God and Christianity was not something that I
found. Since birth, my parents forced it upon me. Every Sunday morning
me and my siblings would be forced to get up early from bed and be
dressed in our Sunday's best for church. Even though we nagged at our
parents and sometimes complained out of laziness, we would be spanked
and dragged off crying to church. My dad's side of the family was
Christian, but my mom's side was Shamanism. In the Hmong culture,
when you get married, regardless of your belief, you must drop it and
convert to what your husband's religion is. So, my mom was a Christian
until she divorced my father. Now that she is on her own, she can practice
34
Shamanism. As I was growing up, Christianity was something that I
claimed because of what I was told all my life. I never knew anything
about what it meant except that Jesus died on the cross for our sins and
that I would go to heaven when I died if I lived my life right. Yet, ever
since my recent marriage, my mother- in-law did her best to help me
understand what being a Christian is all about. I can actually claim being
a Christian but most importantly I am trying my best to act and live like
one. Now I can truly and proudly say that I AM A CHRISTIAN and
understand and know what that means. Even though I felt my religion was
not something that I chose, I learned and grew to accept it and because of
that I found my spirituality.
There were several individuals who stated they were still on a spiritual journey.
Respondents who were involved in or are still parts of organized religion continue to
question its validity. One woman states:
I get uncomfortable when people try to tell me how to be spiritual, like
telling me to do this or do that or go to church. I say to them, ‘you have
your own ways of being spiritual and I have mine’. I don’t think church
should be the only place to be a place of worship which some people
highly believe. There are times though I find myself thinking that I’d like
to go back because I enjoy hearing the sermons and incorporating aspects
in my life. Except right now I don’t feel like I’ve found a church that I
could fit into.
35
Another individual stated that even though she grew up with a religious
background, she did not find church to be a comforting place, which had deterred her
from continuing to attend. Some respondents also shared their questioning of what is
written within religious doctrines. One individual stated that written religious doctrine
can be interpreted differently from one person to the next and applied to each person’s
unique life. Although these individuals continue to be on a spiritual journey they
expressed assurance that spirituality would be and/or is a positive aspect in their life.
Participants who expressed not feeling connected to organized religion or community
members stated that they still felt a strong connection with God or higher being which
kept their spirituality alive.
Solace of Spirituality During Challenging Times
Realizing that spirituality was a source of comfort was expressed in 6 out of the
10 research participants. Most shared that the realizations occurred after experiencing
distressing events in their life. Individuals stated that feelings of anger, frustration,
sadness and depression, loneliness, or of being left behind were apparent and
overwhelming in times of difficulty. Individuals began to question why these events
were happening and/or why wasn’t God helping them. A difficult contemplation that
resulted became why was God letting these things occur. Only in retrospect, had
participants understood that their spirituality provided assistance and helped get them
through the challenges.
Most notable was the degree to which these difficult events caused them to
appreciate their spirituality and/or God. One woman’s experience of parental physical
36
abuse had led her to search for God and pray to him for relief of the event. Although she
did not know who God was, she stated that somehow she felt that He would help the
abuse stop.
After she [mom] would go off on me or do something to hurt me I’d pray.
Yeah at that time as a child I didn’t know who He was but it made me feel
better. It made me feel as if someone was listening to me. Of course stuff
would happen again and again. Yeah I got angry and I would ask, “why
are you letting her do this to me” and “why are you letting this happen”
and “why to me”. But I would continue to pray and pray and pray to Him
because to me that was the only way I was able to get through those rough
times.
Two individuals recalled how their experience of sexual abuse helped them find
solace in God. After many years of experiencing anger and depression they were able to
realize that God had always been present to help them emotionally and mentally get
through the trauma. As one individual stated, “God spared me from a lot and helped me
get through the pain and depression to the point of finally feeling that I could be loved”.
Another woman shared her experience:
If I had to really pin point one difficult situation that I knew that God was
a living testimony, I would have to say this happened in my first marriage.
You have to understand that the Hmong culture is very strict and
traditional. At 13 years old, I was raped by one of my brother’s friends and
a month later I found that I was pregnant. I went to my parents asking for
37
guidance and help because I was so young and still needed to experience
life. Instead, I was forced into marriage with a guy who forever ruined me.
I am Christian and believed that I shouldn't play God. Abortion was not
an option for me. So, for the next ten years, I had to convince myself
everyday and every night that as an obedient Hmong daughter I had to
accept my life for what it is and live with it. I couldn't bring shame to my
family, and as a Christian I didn't want to commit adultery. Every night I
prayed. Sometimes I even got bitter and angry with God because I
expected instant gratification overnight but instead ten years rolled on by.
At times I resented God and told myself that He didn't exist. I mean
seriously, ten years of enduring this pain! What I didn't realize was that
God had a wonderful man waiting for me. God just needed it to be the
right time for me. Even though it seemed like forever, to God the timing
was PERFECT. How did I know that it was God right?? Well, for instance
my parents were actually happy that I made a decision to make ME happy.
They didn't even care about me ruining their reputation, even the fact that
it was an interracial relationship.
In the Hmong culture interracial
marriage is a big NO-NO. My parents adored my husband and were very
supportive of my decision. The beautiful part is that I am happy in this
relationship. I knew then that God had been with me this whole time,
especially during the times when I thought He abandoned me when all
along He was working for me the hardest.
38
The statement of “when it rains, it pours” was how one participant described her
experience of several distressing events occurring all at one time. “It can be very hard to
feel that comfort in spirituality when you feel that there is more negativity surrounding
you”. In looking back, this individual realized that God had presented her with
challenges in order to take a look at the positive. It was a way for her to find the reasons
as to why these events were placed in her life. Two other respondents also shared this
view. They felt God presented and placed certain events in their life at specific times in
order for them to understand why some things should or shouldn’t be. For example, one
individual stated that her long-term significant other broke off their engagement abruptly
for another woman. Her religious congregation and community believed she was to
blame for the separation. “When I walked into church, it seemed as if everyone quieted
down and stared at me. Nobody talked to me and I got some nasty faces. I felt that it
was unfair. I mean I thought to myself, ‘I’m coming here for God, not for you’.” She was
distressed at this thought and fought hard to present the truth. The individual realized
after processing one year later that God was telling her the particular community was
wrong for her and she was not meant to be married to the man.
After being rejected several times for nursing school and ending up at an
unexpected job, one individual realized that “God was telling me I was not ready for
nursing school and in order to prepare me for it I needed to be at this job where I learned
so many more skills than I actually had”. The realization came after finally being
accepted into nursing school and entering the curriculum. The events in her life served a
purpose in preparing for other life events.
39
Social Connection and Spirituality
Throughout all 10 interviews, one theme that emerged among all participants was
the social connection that spirituality offered. The two prominent aspects of social
connection and spirituality presented were through prayer and conversation. The feeling
of praying for another or of being prayed for, as one woman stated, was a powerful tool
of connection. Prayer was also a way to connect with a higher being/God. “There is
something profound about praying for another to God or knowing that someone is
praying for me…in a way I feel that I am becoming closer to that other person”.
One man of Nigerian descent shared that prayer does not only have to involve
people of the same religion. This individual noted that although some of his family
members are of Muslim faith and he is of Christian faith, it did not impact their ability to
pray with each other.
A lot of my family and a lot of my friends are Muslim. There have been
times when I have seen my cousins, who are all brothers, every midnight
on New Year’s, wherever they are, pray together. I have even had the
experience of praying with them. Then I also go to my church and pray.
There are times when I have even gone to a Catholic church and
worshipped. There are times when others hear about this and are shocked
or astonished. I think it doesn’t matter because we are all praying to the
same God. I don’t mind sharing my spirituality with them and their
spirituality with me. Even though we are different religions, I think it’s
important for us to share that part of our lives with each other. I don’t see
40
a reason why I shouldn’t go and pray with the person next to me just
because they are not of my religion. Spirituality and religion should bring
us together not divide us.
Conversation and discussion are also important components to connecting with
others. Both offer opportunities for people to learn more from each other, see another
perspective, as well as to cultivate one’s own spirituality. Hearing another’s story and
experience with spirituality implied emotional and mental growth not only for the person
sharing but also for the one listening. Sharing spiritual and religious stories is a give and
take moment. The stories offer people the chance to gain aspects that can be applied to
their own life. Reading, as one individual stated, also provided social connection because
it becomes a different way of sharing.
I’ve read a lot of books on spirituality. My favorite author is Paulo
Coelho and to me, he is a very spiritual person. His books are very
interesting and things I’ve read from him, I take bits and pieces of what he
shares and I feel I can apply them to my life. One of my other favorite
books is The Giving Tree. It’s such a simple children’s book but it brings
about such a great concept and what I take from it means a lot to me. To
me, reading is another way to reach and nurture my soul.
Fellowship became a topic that developed from the importance of conversation
and discussion of spirituality. As one respondent stated, “We need to keep up our
connection with our community because we become each other’s support and
41
encouragement through life”. In order to develop a fellowship with others, as one
individual identified, it is important to be in tune with the self.
Spirituality is about knowing and recognizing yourself. Being a spiritual
person, I think you have to practice empathy. It’s like putting yourself in
other people’s shoes. It goes against the whole thing of selfishness. When
you’re selfish you think, “I don’t care, I have to do things for myself and
what I want” but when you’re spiritual, you have a different mindset. It’s
like seeing a homeless person on the street. You think, “wow, I’m sure
he’s hungry, let me see if I can get him something to eat or spare a little
money that I have”. Being spiritual, you see things differently; you see
the other side, and another perspective.
In doing so, as this individual shared, it creates meaningful relationships. One
man pointed out that connecting with others does not necessarily have to involve people
of the same faiths. “We all need to be loved and love and have affection and that’s what
connects us to each other”.
Religion as a Basis for Spirituality
Eight interviewees believed that religion needed to be present in order to create a
spiritual life. Half of these respondents stated they had an established religion since they
were young due to their parents. The other half of respondents stated they did not have
an established religion however felt religion was needed in their life. Christianity was the
religion the majority of the 8 respondents felt they connected to or was already
42
established in their life. Those who went on a spiritual journey stated that they were
surrounded by Christianity more often because of the influence from others in their life.
One man shared that growing up he experienced his mother’s journey of
spirituality:
At one point in time, when I was young, my mom went on her own
spiritual journey. She went into Buddhism and then because there are a lot
of Muslims in Nigeria she explored a little with that as well. What it came
down to was that my mom found herself to be a born-again Christian.
Growing up, I had a lot of those [religious] elements in my life. My mom
wanted me to be like her, a born-again Christian, because of what she
found from it. But I think that all those elements give me a better
perspective about spirituality. I do consider myself Christian, I do go to
church, I do believe in Jesus Christ and God but I don’t want to connect
myself to just religion. It is a stepping stone or ground root for my
spirituality.
Like him, other participants expressed that they have strayed away from
organized Christianity but still kept aspects of the religion present in their life. These
aspects included such things as love, respect, morals, values and ethics, sacrifice, which
they viewed in relation to Jesus dying on the cross, the belief in God, and some rituals,
practices, and holidays.
Although these individuals held Christianity as their spiritual base, they felt that
all religions held similarities, especially in terms of good morals, values, and ethics. As
43
one woman stated, “aside from Catholicism being the base of my spirituality, I also pick
and choose aspects from other spiritual beliefs that I feel can be applied to my life”.
Spirituality, according to one man, did not have to include religion. “The majority of
people hope to live a good life and ultimately know what is right from wrong; religion
does not have to tell you that, it becomes more like a guide”. Aspects of openmindedness, positive outlook on life, appreciation for others and nature, and being aware
of negative surroundings were the basis of this individual’s spirituality. “Being religious
doesn’t mean you are spiritual and being spiritual doesn’t mean you are religious”.
Several of the 8 participants noted that spirituality and religion is based on what one
makes out of it.
Spirituality and Well-Being
According to all the participants of the research, there was no doubt that
spirituality offered benefits to one’s life. All individuals were able to identify how
spirituality played a role in their life and the positive effects it had on their emotional,
physical, and mental well-being. In regards to one’s journey and difficulties,
interviewees stated they have experienced growth and strength. “Throughout my
experiences of financial strain, getting laid off, and still keeping up with my family, I can
say that my spirituality has definitely helped me become stronger emotionally”.
Identifying how spirituality was involved in one’s life made it easier to recognize
and appreciate the benefits. As one respondent expressed, “Meeting God has been the
best thing that has happened in my life”. Without finding her spirituality, she felt that
44
there would have been differences in her perspective and view of life. “I would have
been more pessimistic, negative, and resentful, and I don’t want to live life like that”.
One individual shared that she believed God and being in tune with spirituality
helped her become in tune with the body. To her, God provides ways and events in order
for one to know when the body is feeling bad or good. She stated, “God gives us the
ability to help enhance or ‘heal’ our body and minds”. In her experience, many medical
conditions have occurred in her life to the point of being hospitalized and even having
hallucinations from an allergic reaction to medication. She believed God was telling her
to become aware of her physical conditions, to identify what was good for her body and
what was not, and to take care of herself. She shared that presently she is doing better in
terms of medical conditions and physically she feels stronger and healthier.
Seeing the positive effects of spirituality is not enough for the emotional,
physical, and mental health of an individual. As each participant noted, there is always
room for growth and continued maturity. One individual stated, “It is not enough to say
Ok spirituality has provided me with enough to live my life; spirituality is like a garden,
you need to keep it flourishing, to take care of it, and continue to cultivate it”.
Researcher’s Reactions to the Interviews
Each participant agreed to the interview and understood that their personal stories
would be acknowledged and shared. The researcher experienced reactions of awe and
surprise and even anxiety. The awe and surprise were a result of how each participant
easily revealed and willingly shared deep thoughts regarding spirituality as well as
struggles and sometimes extreme difficulties in life that were experienced. In retrospect,
45
the thoughts of a comfortable environment, the nature of the interview, and
confidentiality may have been factors related to how each individual was able to easily
discuss his/her thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Surprisingly, each interview was able
conducted in a conversation-like style. As a result, the researcher was able to transition
through each question with ease. The flow of the interviews led participants to
comfortably reveal highly intimate aspects of their lives to the researcher.
The researcher also found greater interviewee openness when questions were
phrased in a more self-referential manner. For example, the question “how do you define
spirituality” yielded intellectualized responses. When asked, “what does spirituality
mean to you” or “how do you see spirituality in your life”, respondents answered in
greater depth.
46
Chapter 5
CONCLUSION
Introduction
Spirituality in some form or another creates an impact on one’s life. Individuals
seemed when discussing their experiences with spirituality and the discussions became
fairly intimate. Interviewee contemplations involved how spirituality enhanced their
emotional, physical, and mental well-being.
Discussion of Results
Interviewees spoke of the complexity of defining spirituality. This finding was
reflected in the literature review as well. Although each individual was asked what
spirituality meant to each of them, there was a degree of hesitation in trying to pinpoint
how to define spirituality. Each person offered their own meaning and definition
according to their personal experiences. However, there were similar aspects on what
spirituality can include. For example, good morals and values, good and loving heart,
belief in a higher being, and positive outlook were a few mentioned.
Nonetheless throughout the differing definitions and meanings for each
individual, there was no doubt that spirituality offered a degree of understanding and
growth of one’s social, emotional, and physical well-being. Spirituality helped
individuals cope with different circumstances and become stronger emotionally.
Although there were periods in which some individuals questioned why negative events
were occurring, such as why is this happening to me, a spiritual orientation provided
47
strength to push through. The ability to go through distressing and challenging times
allowed an individual to see that things could be overcome.
Noted within the interviews but not mentioned within the literature was social
connection. Connecting with others, either through prayer, community, or conversation
offered an opportunity for an individual to increase their emotional and mental being.
There was a conveyance of appreciating one’s spirituality when one engaged in the
components of connection.
With the appreciation of spirituality in one’s life there also came an appreciation
for a higher being, or in the case of most of the interviewed individuals, God. A majority
of the participants acknowledged that a belief in a higher being was included within their
spirituality.
In accordance with the literature review, God or higher being provided
meaning to life, spiritual life, and connection with all living things on earth. This was
seen immediately throughout the interviews and was the driving force behind most of the
individuals’ spirituality, even those who were not grounded formally in a religion. The
belief in a higher being seemed to offer individuals a guideline in how to live life
spiritually and showed a positive sense of well-being.
As mentioned in the literature, there were instances when some participants
discussed feelings of anger or frustration with God or higher being which caused them to
question their spirituality. This became a time when individuals embarked on a spiritual
journey. The distressed feelings paralleled with experiences of difficult or challenging
events in life. Yet, while these emotions were conveyed and skepticism occurred,
participants still expressed that they held their belief in God or higher being and
48
eventually understood there were reasons behind the events. Most interesting was that
although these participants did not give up their belief in God or higher being, most stated
that they left their organized religion and/or congregation.
Study Limitations
The research study showed how incorporating spirituality in one’s life played a
role in individual well-being.
The findings of the research study cannot be generalized because of the small
sample size. Of these 10 individuals the age ranged only between 25-40 years old. In
addition, the researcher’s choice of sample members reflected a particular social circle.
Implications for Social Work Practice
The research study provides insight to how practitioners in social work can
engage in conversations with individuals on spirituality. Allowing discussion of
spirituality into practitioner-client settings presents an opportunity for understanding its
importance in one’s life. It can also provide an opportunity for the practitioner to become
comfortable engaging in and enhancing conversations that may be considered taboo, as
spirituality is known to be. Practitioners may begin to see how clients use spirituality to
get them through not only events that may be problematic but also everyday occurrences.
Conversation can open a window to seeing how spirituality may nurture the body and
spirit. Practitioners can use discussions on spirituality for strengths-based and
motivational strategies.
49
Recommendation for Future Researchers
In order to engage in a conversation on spirituality that will offer both the
researcher and the participant positive results there are some components that should be
addressed beforehand. A comfortable and relaxed environment provides a sense of ease
for both participant and researcher. During the conversation, it is important for the
researcher to genuinely listen to the participant’s story and experience. Inquiry also
shows the individual that there is attentiveness to what is being shared. It is vital for the
researcher to remember not to impose their own beliefs within the conversation.
This particular research study involved general discussions on spirituality to find
its effects on individual well-being. Although there were a variety of areas explored
within the interviews, there was no chance to delve into each area thoroughly.
Recommendation for future research in regards to spirituality could be the areas of death,
dying, and grief. The areas tap deep into a person’s sensitive emotions. It could identify
if one’s spirituality played a positive or negative role within the areas.
A majority of participants in this research study identified Christianity as the base
for their spirituality. For future studies, researchers should include diversity of religions
and participants of a variety of cultural backgrounds. Doing so will provide an
opportunity to view a broader look into the various roles spirituality plays in people’s
lives.
50
APPENDICES
51
APPENDIX A
Interview Questionnaire
Demographics:
1. What is your age?
2. What is your ethnic background?
3. What does spirituality mean to you?
4. How do you incorporate spirituality in your life?
5. Has it been easy or difficult to incorporate spirituality in your life? Why?
6. In what ways do you practice your spirituality? I.e. does it come in the form of
religion or in other means; are there any specific beliefs you have?
7. To what degree are you open to sharing and expressing your spirituality with others
and vice versa?
8. How does spirituality help you in times of challenging events?
9. In what way do you feel spirituality offers a connection with others, nature, and the
self?
10. To what degree does a belief in a higher being (i.e. God, the Divine, Enlightenment)
connect with your spirituality?
11. In what way and/or when has spirituality helped you the most?
12. How has spirituality offered you a positive sense of individual well-being
(emotionally, physically, and mentally)?
13. Is there anything that you would like to share that you feel spirituality has provided
in your life?
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APPENDIX B
Consent Form to Participate in Research Study
I am Stefanie Millonida, an MSW student attending Sacramento State. I am conducting a
research study on an exploration of the role that spirituality plays among individuals and
their well-being and coping with the challenges they face in life. The purpose of this
exploration is to identify the importance that spirituality encompasses in an individual’s
life and to be able to incorporate the topic in conversation without discomfort but rather
for understanding. You are being selected and asked to participate in this voluntary
research study to help in this exploration.
The study will consist of a tape recorded interview. You will be asked 10 questions that
will lead to discussion on your personal experiences, feelings, opinions, and thoughts in
regard to spirituality and the role it plays on well-being and coping with challenges in
life. The questions could lead to sub-questions that tie into your discussion. The
interview will last up to one hour.
This study is considered minimal risk. Some of the questions in the interview may bring
forth discomfort and uneasiness as it may have you delve into personal experiences and
feelings that are otherwise discussions that you may have never brought forth before.
You can skip questions and/or stop the interview at any time whenever you deem
necessary. You can participate in as much or as little discussion as you would like. Here
is a list of counseling services in the area, if you feel the need arises:
La Familia Counseling Center: phone-916-452-3601 address: 5523 34th Street,
Sacramento, CA
53
Family Service Agency: phone-916-368-3080 address: Watt and Folsom Blvd.,
Sacramento, CA
Your discussions on this tape recorded interview will be kept confidential at all times.
There will be no names displayed on the tape. Throughout the research study, all tape
recorded interviews will be kept in a locked cabinet. After the completion of the study,
all tapes will be destroyed.
If you have any questions in regards to this research study, you may contact me, Stefanie,
at (209)403-4031 or by e-mail at stefanie.millonida@gmail.com. You can also contact
the Project Advisor on this study, Andrew Bein, at (916) 278-6170 or by e-mail at
abein@csus.edu.
Your participation is voluntary and there will be no compensation for participating in this
study. Your signature below indicates that you have read this consent form and agree to
participate in the research.
Signature of participant
Date
54
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