COMPETITION REFORMS IN KEY MARKETS
FOR ENHANCING SOCIAL & ECONOMIC
WELFARE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (CREW
PROJECT)-MEETING OF NATIONAL REFERENCE GROUP
(NRG) MEMBERS
PRESENTATION ON RESERACH METHODS FOR TRANSPORT
OPERATOR AND PASSENGER STUDY
PRESENTATION BY PAULINA AGYEKUM
(PhD)
6th AUGUST 2013
INTRODUCTION
• The (CREW project) is being implemented by CUTS to
assess the state of competition in two selected sectors
namely the staple food sector and the passenger
transport sector.
• The focus is on the impact that past and existing
public policies, regulations, private sector business
practices, institutional arrangements and other factors
have had on consumer and producer welfare.
• It also aims at identifying possible benefits from
potential reforms- and tries to make a case for the
same
OBJECTIVE
• The objective is to:
• Study the availability of good quality transport services
especially affordability to ordinary consumers who
utilise intercity and intra-city bus service.
• Assess how profitable/attractive the passenger
transport sector is for entrepreneurs (existing and
new entrants)
• This presentation is to give an overview of the research
approach and suggested methods to be applied in
the Ghana study
SCOPE
• Identify the components of competition reform (policies,
legislation, sectoral programmes, statutory instruments,
administrative practices) in bus transport sector
• Assess institutional responsibility in reform implementation
and actual performance in terms of
– Failed reform initiatives
– Reasons
– Lessons learnt
– Successful reforms initiatives,
– administrative structure used and;
– how the policy was implemented
SCOPE
• Assess impact of competition reforms on market
structure based on:
– Porter’s “Five Forces” Supplier and buyer power,
competitive rivalry, threat to substitution and threat of new
entry.
– DFID Competition Assessment framework.- A guide to
identifying barriers to competition in Developing Countries
• Assess impact of competition reform on consumer
(passenger) and producer (vehicle operator) welfare.
• Identify existing concerns of passenger and operators
and their suggested reform initiatives and likely benefits.
OUTLINE OF RESERCH METHODOLOGY
SITUATION ANALYSIS
RESOURCE MOBILISATION
DATA COLLECTION
DATA ANALYSIS
SECONDARY
Quantitative
Qualitative
PRIMARY
Quantitative
Qualitative
REPORTING
SITUATION ANALYSIS
• Assessment of efficacy of earlier and current reform
measures on consumers and producers - through
secondary review of literature and anecdotes
(using qualitative and quantitative data).
• Identification of consumer and producer concerns
from secondary sources
DATA COLLECTION SOURCES
• Data will be collected from three (3) major sources:
• Documented Materials eg. Reports, data sets etc.
• Motorised Road Users
– Passengers
– Vehicle Operators
• Relevant Institutions eg.
– Public (Government Institutions, regulators)
– Private (Business entities, Unions etc.)
DATA TYPE BY DOCUMENTED SOURCE
DATA TYPE
DOCUMENTED DATA SOURCE
Policy related data
•The Constitution of Ghana
•National Transport Policy
•Shared Growth Agenda
Data on Regulations
•Road Traffic Ordinance 1952, Repealed by Road
Traffic Act 683 of 2004 and Amended with Road
Traffic Act 761 of 2008
•Local Government Act 462 of 1993
•DVLA Act 569
•National Road Safety Act 567 of 1999
Institutions
Ministry of Roads and Highways
Ministry of Transport
District Assemblies
Financial Institutions
Vehicle marketing companies
DVLA
NRSC
Driver Unions
Ghana Pass
DATA TYPE BY VEHICLE OPERATORS
TYPE OF OPERATION
TYPE OF DATA
SOURCE
Private Bus Operation
by Inter-city Service
•Source of funding for
vehicle acquisition
•State of vehicle
•Age of vehicle
•Type of ownership
•Market entry
requirements
•Operational
arrangements
•Operational factors
affecting
Routing
Scheduling
Trip frequency
Transport fares
•Turn over
•Remuneration
•Taxes and subsides
•Vehicle Operation Costs
•Availability of facilities
VIP bus service
OA bus service
Public Bus Operation
by Inter-city Service
Private Bus Operation
by Intra-city Service
Public Bus Operation
by Intra-city Service
Inter-city Bus Service
MMT
Trotros’
MMT
DATA FROM PASSENGERS
DATA TYPE
DATA SOURCE
•Transport Availability
•Trip purpose
•Ability to make Choices
•Affordability
•Frequency of travel
•Comfortability
•Service Reliability
•Safety
•Seccurity
•Observed Changes
•Concerns
•Suggested interventions
Private Bus Inter-city by Passenger
Public Bus Inter-city Passenger
Private Bus Intra-city Service
Passenger
Public Bus Operation intra –city
Passenger
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
• Desk Studies for
• Field Surveys
– Secondary Data
Review
– Administration of
structured
questionnaires ( To
be provided by
CUTS) through
interviews
– Collation of relevant
information form
documentary review
– Key Personnel indepth Interview
– Field Observations
SAMPLING
Inter-city
– 2 Busy routes will be selected eg. Accra – Kumasi,
Accra – Aflao or Accra – Takoradi.
– 2 public bus operators would be interviewed
using structured questionnaires.
– 5-6 private bus operators will be interviewed
– Perception of 100 passenger would also be
sampled (50 on each selected route)
SAMPLING
• Intra-City
Suggest 1 city in Ghana for primary survey Accra
– In-depth Interviews:
- 1 Public operator, 5-6 Private operators
(different associations), govt. dept’s and
relevant regulators
– Perception survey:
- Of 100 passengers using intra-city transport
SAMPLING
• In-depth interviews with unstructured
questions with:
– Representatives of Government
Institutions- MOT, MRH, DVLA
– Representatives of other InstitutionsVanguard Assurance, GPRTU, Ghana
Pass.
DATA ANALYSIS
• Data Verification, Processing: Completed
questionnaires and checklists will be reviewed for
errors, omissions etc. before data is processed.
• Data will then be processed to define the level of
aggregation and disaggregation for different
indicators for quantitative.
• The analytical tool adopted for the data processing
is the SPSS statistical package and the excel spread
sheet.
DATA ANALYSIS
• Methods will be determined by data type. Examples include
the following:
• Quantitative data will be presented using appropriate
statistical applications in terms of mean, median, percentage,
histograms.
• Operational statistics such as test of significance of time series
variances etc. Will also be used to determine significance of
outcomes
• Transcripts of qualitative data be analysed with outcome
ratings by weighting, scoring and ranking methods to show
how well options meet predefined criteria.
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
• Selected indicators will be used for the
measurement of the project components
by:
– Comparison across time: impact on select
variables pre and post reform
– Comparison across route: impact of a
particular/similar reforms across route.
– Impact comparison across different reform
initiatives.
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
• This will relate the records of sequential
changes that have occurred relating to
particular points of interest.
• It will help understand the contributing
causes or reasons for a particular problem or
issue, or to identify effects or impacts of a
particular change.
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
• Quantitative
– Comparison of impact on select variables pre
and post reform
– Comparison across national, regional and district
route
– Impact of a particular/similar reforms across
national, regional and district, route
– Impact comparison across different reform
initiatives
REPORTING
• Reporting schedule will be delivered in
accordance with set requirements for
the project.
CONCLUSION
• The impact of some of the transport reform
initiatives undertaken on the bus transport
sector has not been assessed and it is
hoped that this study will highlight some
important issues which will go a long way to
influence policy direction for the betterment
of the transport sector.