CUTS-CREW Diagnostic
Country Report: India
Presentation by
20th November, 2013
Presentation scheme
• Selection of focus sectors
• Selection of states/cities
– Staple food (wheat)
– Bus transport
•
•
•
•
•
Shortlisted reforms and contrast across states
Research questions
Approach to analysis
Data gap, approach to fill the gap
Some preliminary analysis of secondary data Wheat
Selection of Focus Sectors
• Selected with an eye on their relative importance in the consumer
budget, especially the poorer segments of society
• The two sectors on which the CREW project shall focus on are
– Staple food, and
– Bus passenger transport.
Rationale for selection of Staple Food:
•
•
•
•
•
Expenditure on food forms a large part of the family budget,
Bears directly on the health and well-being of society.
Food value chain is rather long.
Focus on staple food.
Wheat considered in case of India – geographic concentration of
production, lower varieties, consumed universally, features largely in
PDS, substitution towards wheat/atta.
Selection of Focus Sectors
Rationale for selection of Bus Transport:
• A competitive passenger transportation sectors broadens and
increases size of markets, competition, productivity and
employment among other benefits.
• The focus within the passenger transportation sector will be on
bus transport as this market depicts
– close contact between passengers (consumers) and transport
operators (producers) on a day-to-day basis,
– resultant likelihood of direct and immediate impact of any reform
measure on either, and
– presence of a very good scope for private participation in the market.
• Keeping in mind very different nature of the market dynamics,
both inter city and intra city bus passenger transport subsectors will be in research focus.
Staple Food – Wheat
Criterion for selection of States - Wheat
• Criterion 1: The states should be top states in terms
of wheat production.
– As such, six states were shortlisted – UP, MP, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Haryana and Bihar.
– These six states accounted for more than 90% of national
wheat production in 2011-12.
• Criterion 2: The states should exhibit differential
behaviour from each other in terms of agricultural
policy/reform over time.
• Criterion 3: The states should have different
characteristics in terms of general agriculture
background (such as agro-climatic zone, agriculture
performance, practices, etc.)
Reform areas - Wheat
• Procurement - Implementation mechanism
• Marketing – Status of APMC Act
• Warehousing – Implementation of provisions
under WDRA 2007/ PEGS 2008/RGS 2001
PLUS
• Input usage,
• Distribution
Selection of States - Wheat
• UP: Three agro-climatic zones.
• Rajasthan and Bihar emerge as two ideal states for
analysis.
– State monopoly in procurement in Bihar vs multiple
agency in Rajasthan.
– Completely contrasting style towards approach to APMC
reform
– Rajasthan considerably ahead in implementing
warehousing reforms.
• MP, Punjab, Haryana: Do not show implementation
of far reaching reform as Raj/Bihar
– With halfway reforms, contrast factor low
– Punjab, Haryana, Western UP in same agro-climatic zone
Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across
states - Wheat
Reform
Reform/issues in
Rajasthan
Bihar
Area
question
Procurement  Establishment of State  Multiple agencies at both  Bihar State Food
Government monopoly central and state levels
Corporation
in
procurement
of  Decentralised
procures wheat –
wheat in Bihar vide Procurement
System directly or through
notification
dated (DPS) in pilot phase PACS and delivers to
15.04.2013
across six districts
FCI.
Agricultural
Marketing
 Repealing of APMC Act  Reformed as per the  Has abolished the
by Bihar in 2006;
model Central APMC Act.
APMC
Act
 Amendment of APMC  Has
provisions
for altogether.
Act by Rajasthan in (a)Direct
marketing,
2005 to bring it in line (b)Contract farming and
with Model APMC Act
(c)Private markets.
Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across
states - Wheat
Reform
Area
Warehousing
Reform/issues in
Rajasthan
Bihar
question
 Warehouse
 Allotted 2,50,000 tonne  Allotted a higher
Development
and of
new
storage 3,00,000
tonne
Regulatory Act 2007
development under PEG capacity under PEG
 Private
Scheme run by FCI, and scheme, tenders have
Entrepreneurship
as on 15th May, 2012 been sanctioned for
Guarantee Scheme 2008 had approved private only 90,000 tonne.
 Rural Godown Scheme tenders for 2,05,000  Lags in implementing
2001
tonne of capacity.
the Rural Godown
 Though not a front Scheme,
capacity
running state in terms of created as on March
capacity created under ’12 was only ~2.75
Rural Godown Scheme lakh tonne.
(~ 7 lakh tonne as on
March
2012),
is
significantly ahead of
Bihar.
Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across
states - Wheat
Reform
Area
Inputs
Markets
Reform/issues in
Issues for
question
comparison
 Various administrative  Usage of inputs
measures with impact  Input providers
on input availability,  Schemes available
quality, etc.
Distribution  PDS
 Supply of wheat
 Open market control  Quality-price
measures
interaction
 Market control
States
 Rajasthan is ahead compared to
Bihar in terms of yield and usage
of most of yield enhancing inputs
 Both states are implementing a
number
of
central/state
sponsored schemes, but data on
actual outreach not available from
secondary sources. An inter-state
comparison
data
can
give
important insights on relative
merits of different schemes,
implementation mechanism, etc.
• A comparison of the
consumer/prodcuer welfare
issues across the states.
Research questions - Wheat
Consumer welfare
Producer welfare
Whether evenly and easily accessible
• PDS, open market;
• different times of year; etc.
Availability of options to choose from –
• different qualities
• purchase point
Price, supply behaviour
• volatility in prices/supply;
• price behaviour relative to general
price level, food grain prices, income
level;
• quality-price inter-linkage; etc.
Availability & cost of inputs/services;
effective schemes; discretionary option to
purchase point
Reasons for continued presence of middle
men, their relationship with producers, and
resultant welfare impact
Option/freedom to decide to whom to sell
Whether receiving remunerative prices
What welfare impact state monopoly in
procurement have on farmers
What is the effect of implementation/
abolishment of APMC/ reform of APMC on
the producers.
Whether warehousing
facilities are
sufficient, accessible and well regulated;
beneficiary impact
Work done
• Review of secondary sources of information
– Literature
– Policy documents
– Data availability
• Identification of focus areas of reform and states
• A preliminary field visit
• Identification of research questions, hypothesis
formation
• Identification of data requirement, gaps
• Strategizing on filling the data gaps
Data gaps - Wheat
•Length/frequency of time series data varies
–
–
–
–
Farm gate price since 1999; at annual frequency
Wholesale price index; at monthly frequency
Mandi price since 2009; at daily frequency
Retail price since 2009; at monthly frequency
•Actual price/quantity availability through PDS
•Subsidy/assitance related time series data (consumer, producer)
•AGMARKNET portal hosts data for only two Bihar mandis
•No comprehensive secondary source of information on nature, extent,
periods of movement restriction
•Data specific to wheat producers – e.g. input usage, insurance coverage,
credit availability, storage availability, etc.
•Price received by farmers (non-mandi, non-MSP)
•Data on penetration of institutions/practices such a private market,
contract farming, direct marketing in either of the states.
•Local factors – access/outreach/impact of various schemes/facilities
Approach to fill the gaps - Wheat
•Survey of wheat/atta consumers
–Specific information such as purchase price, household income, etc.
–General perception on wheat availability, quality, impact of various schemes, etc.
•Survey of wheat farmers –
–Input usage and input cost, variation over the last two Rabi seasons;
–Price realization from alternate modes of sales channels;
–Feedback on role of MSP/mandi price in setting such prices;
–Reasons for their choices on credit source, selling decisions;
–Accessibility issues like transportation cost to market, warehouses; storage costs
incurred at the warehouses, benefits in terms of better price realisation;
–Awareness/acceptance of private markets/direct marketing/contract farming,
general feedback on their experience, etc.
•In depth interviews, data collection
–Food/Agriculture ministry officials – state, district, block level
–Input suppliers,
–Local middlemen, money lenders, traders,
–Mandi officials, Millers, Warehouse agency officials
A three pronged approach to analysis
There will be three parallel approaches of analysis as
discussed below:
• Analysis of impact of reform – A comparison of pre and
post reform scenario. The depth of comparison though will
vary from case to case depending on the length and
frequency of time series data availability.
• Analysis of general welfare issues – This shall be applied
whenever a time series data spread across point of reform
is not available, or data need to be collected through
primary survey.
• Inter state/city comparison – A comparison of
differential experiences across states/cities.
 Follow both quantitative and qualitative approach based
on nature of information and extent of availability.
Some preliminary analysis - Wheat
• Hypothesis:
1. Impact of wheat price inflation (wholesale)on welfare is in
line with general inflationary trend.
2. Retail price inflation behave similarly to wholesale price
inflation (wheat, all India) over time and across centres, with
no welfare impact variation.
3. Wheat price volatility remains low and consistent across the
year, ensuring price stability and welfare of both consumer
and producer.
4. Retail price impact on consumer welfare
A.Retail margin is similar across centres and time, with no welfare
change.
B.Retail price inflation is similar across centres and time, with no
welfare change.
5. The welfare leakage between farm gate-wholesale and
wholesale-retail have not changed over time.
Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (1)
• Wheat price changes do not exactly follow the overall/ food article price pattern.
Factors to investigate
•MSP
•Procurement
•Input price & cost
Year-on-Year Inflation (all India)
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-10%
WPI-All Commodities
WPI-Food Articles
Indicus Mandi Price Monitor - Wheat
September-13
July-13
May-13
March-13
January-13
November-12
September-12
July-12
May-12
March-12
January-12
November-11
September-11
July-11
May-11
March-11
January-11
November-10
September-10
July-10
May-10
March-10
January-10
-20%
Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (2)
• Close but not exact similarity between WPI and retail price trends.
• Retail inflation tends to be a bit higher than WPI inflation.
• Jaipur retail prices move closer to wholesale price changes.
40%
35%
Factors to investigate
•The intermediary
layer between
wholesalers and
retailers.
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
•Regulatory aspect.
5%
0%
•Inter-state
comparison.
-5%
-10%
Bihar Retail Inflation
Rajasthan Retail Inflation
WPI-Wheat
Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (3)
• In general, higher volatility in Oct-Dec period and lower volatility in Feb-Jun
period.
• Aberrations also observed. (Oct-Dec 2010; Feb-June 2011)
0.3
250
0.25
200
0.2
150
0.15
100
0.1
50
0.05
0
18-Apr-09
0
18-Apr-10
18-Apr-11
Annualized Standard Deviation
18-Apr-12
18-Apr-13
Indicus Mandi Price Index-Wheat
Factors to investigate
•MSP
•Procurement
•Role of middlemen
•Stocking activity
Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (4A)
3
Factors to investigate
•The intermediary
layer between
wholesalers and
retailers.
2
1
Jul-13
Apr-13
Jan-13
Oct-12
Jul-12
Apr-12
Jan-12
Oct-11
Jul-11
Apr-11
Jan-11
Oct-10
Jul-10
Apr-10
Jan-10
Oct-09
Jul-09
0
Apr-09
In Rs
• Retail-wholesale price difference tends to be higher in Bihar
Rajasthan
Bihar
•Regulatory aspect.
-1
-2
-3
-4
•Inter-state
comparison.
Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (4B)
• Retail prices across centres broadly follows similar trend till July 2012.
• There is some lag in adjustments.
Factors to investigate
•MSP
•Procurement
•Role of middlemen
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10%
Patna Retail Inflation
Jaipur Retail Inflation
Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (5)
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
25
20
15
10
5
Bihar Average Harvest Price
Bihar-Monthly Avg. Retail Price
Wholesale Price
Bihar-Monthly Avg. Wholesale Price
30%
50%
25%
40%
20%
30%
15%
20%
10%
10%
5%
0%
0%
-5%
-10%
-10%
-20%
-15%
Y-o-Y Bihar-Monthly Avg. Retail Price Change
Year-to-year Harvest Price Change
Year-to-year WPI Change
Y-o-Y Bihar-Monthly Avg. Wholesale Price Change
Jul-13
Apr-13
Jan-13
Oct-12
Jul-12
Apr-12
Jan-12
Oct-11
Jul-11
Apr-11
Jan-11
Oct-10
Jul-10
Apr-10
Jan-10
Oct-09
Jul-09
Apr-09
0
Some preliminary analysis – Wheat (5)
Jan-13
Apr-13
Mar-13
May-13
Jul-13
Oct-12
Jan-13
Jul-12
Apr-12
Jan-12
Oct-11
Jul-11
Apr-11
Jan-09
0
Jan-11
200
Oct-10
400
Jul-10
600
Apr-10
800
Jan-10
1000
Oct-09
1200
Jul-09
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Apr-09
1400
Rajasthan-Monthly Avg. Retail Price
Wholesale Price
-20%
-10%
Year-to-year Harvest Price Change (Rajasthan)
Year-to-year WPI Change
Y-o-Y Rajasthan-Monthly Avg. Retail Price Change
Y-o-Y Rajasthan-Monthly Avg. Wholesale Price Change
Sep-13
Jul-13
Nov-12
Sep-12
Jul-12
May-12
Mar-12
Jan-12
-10%
-5%
Nov-11
0%
Sep-11
0%
Jul-11
10%
May-11
5%
Mar-11
20%
Jan-11
10%
Nov-10
30%
Sep-10
15%
Jul-10
40%
May-10
20%
Mar-10
Rajasthan-Monthly Avg. Wholesale Price
Jan-10
Rajasthan Average Harvest Price
Bus transport
Reform areas – Bus transport
• Public vs private participation
• Regulatory aspect
– Entry
– Operational condition
– Restrictions on private players
• Bus services reforms
– Bus Rapid Transport Services
Selection of States/Cities – Bus Transport
• Criterion 1: The state as well as city should be
large enough (Higher demand).
• Criterion 2: Higher economic activities, large
number of fast growing growth centres (Growth
prospect).
• Criterion 3: Substitutes to bus passenger
transport are not significant (Primacy).
• Criterion 4: Good infrastructure – road network,
existing bus services (Lower constraint)
Selection of States – Bus Transport
• First, the top 10 capital cities in terms of total population
were shortlisted
– Addition: Ahmedabad
– Belong to larger states with multiple cities.
• Rationale for selecting large capital cities – Presence of required eco-system to enable growth of an
extensive intra-city bus network
– Due to the economic pull, large population, etc., larger intercity transport networks are likely to grow around these large
cities.
North
East
South
West
Central
New Delhi,
Delhi
Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh
Kolkata,
West Bengal
Patna,
Bihar
Bangalore,
Karnataka
Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh
Chennai,
Tamil Nadu
Mumbai,
Maharashtra
Ahmedabad,
Gujarat
Jaipur,
Rajasthan
Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh
Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across
cities – Intra-city bus transport
Reform
Area
Reform/issues in
question
Bhopal
Bus Rapid Introduction of Public Authority is
Transport
Bus
Rapid
responsible for route
System
Transport
determination,
run under
System (BRTS) in
infrastructure
PPP mode Ahmedabad in
development, and fare
2009 and in
determination.
The
Bhopal in 2010.
Private operators are
responsible only for
operation
and
maintenance of service.
Two private operators.
However, they serve on
separate routes.
Private operators run
on Net Cost model.
Ahmedabad
Corridor length and route
coverage is considerably longer
compared to Bhopal – around
70
km
in
Ahmedabad
compared to less than 30 km in
Bhopal.
Infrastructure
development,
route
determination,
fare
determination again are with
Public Authorities.
Only one private operator.
Runs on Gross Cost basis –
fares are collected by the Public
Authority and a pre-decided
share of it accrues to the
private operator.
Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across
cities – Intra-city bus transport
Reform
Area
Public vs
Private
operators
Reform/issues in
question
Bhopal
Ahmedabad
Madhya Pradesh State Intra city transport Mass bus transport
Road
Transport
needs are primarily
in Ahmedabad is
Corporation abolished in
catered by private
largely in public
2005.
transport operators,
hands.
which
provides AMTS is the sole
minibuses,
small
city bus services
transport
vehicles
provider (outside
like Tata Magic, etc.
the BRTS system).
Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across
states – Inter-city bus transport
Reform
Area
Private-Public
Players
Reform/issues in
question
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh State Since
the Both private and public
Road
Transport
abolishment
of
players are operational
Corporation (MPSRTC)
MPSRTC in 2005,
in the inter-city bus
abolished in 2005.
only private players
transport sector.
operate in the inter- GSRTC
has
wide
city routes.
presence, sometimes
overwhelmingly
dominating the private
players.
E.g.
the
Ahmedabad-Baroda
route.
Shortlisted reforms and contrasts across
states – Inter-city bus transport
Reform
Area
Stage vs
Contract
carriage
status
Reform/issues in
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
question
Monopoly given to Private players on GSRTC declared the sole
Gujarat State Transport inter-city routes are stage carriage operator
Corporation (GSRTC) operating as stage Private
players
to operate as sole stage carriage.
“licensed” to operate as
carriage operator in  The route, schedule Contract carriages, but
1994.
and
fare
are rule rampantly violated.
MPSRTC abolished in determined by state No regulatory control
2005
and
private authority.
over the route, schedule
operators allowed to
and fare of private
operate
as
stage
carriages operating in
carriages.
the inter-city routes;
determined
by
competitive forces.
Research questions – Bus Transport
Consumer welfare
Producer welfare
Passengers’ options when deciding modes Ease of entering markets – ease of
of travel; choices within bus services –
issuing/renewal of
permits/licenses;
service quality, routes, time taken, fare, etc.
nature of permit/license – validity period,
Time-cost efficiency aspect
whether route wise, etc.
Passengers’ options to avail both public and Availability/prices of inputs like buses,
private services; how do they compare –
credit, depot space, manpower, etc.
service quality, reach, etc.
Regulatory environment – stage vs contract
Changes in cost and impact on living cost
carriage, revenue sharing model (PPP
Easy accessibility of bus service from
schemes), Govt control & Pvt participation
everywhere; changes over time
in route-time table-fare determination
Price-quality interaction
process
Level and nature of competition
Operational
issues
like
manpower
availability and management, transport
facility, fuel cost, political interference, etc.
and their impact on welfare
Investment-return
Work done
• Review of secondary sources of information
– Literature
– Policy documents
– Data availability
• Identification of focus areas of reform and states
• A preliminary field visit
• Identification of research questions, hypothesis
formation
• Identification of data requirement, gaps
• Strategizing on filling the data gaps
Data gaps – Bus transport
• Secondary data availability limited to where there is some level
of involvement of public authority
• Even here, data available are for a short time period or limited
to just the current scenario – e.g. details of routes, bus fares, etc.
• Data on timeliness of service, travel time, amenities also not
available.
• Charges for permit/license; details on permits issued –
operator wise, route wise;
• No. of buses – operator wise, route wise;
• The exact process of route, fare determination; no. of operators,
buses, passengers across routes-time point-states/cities;
financial aspects; longevity in business; performance of new
entrants
• Quality of service
• Experience of regular travellers
Approach to fill the gaps – Bus transport
• Data sourcing
– From operators and Government transport officials.
– Data on
• Route, distance, fare, determination process
• Operational & financial performance
• In-depth interviews
– With stakeholders like operators, transport officials
– Covering topics such as
• Operational experience, regulatory aspect
• Feedback on policy measures, implementation
• Shortcomings, future plans
• Survey of bus passengers
– Perception on accessibility, affordability, quality, satisfaction,
etc.
A three pronged approach to analysis
There will be three parallel approaches of analysis as
discussed below:
• Analysis of impact of reform – A comparison of pre and
post reform scenario. The depth of comparison though will
vary from case to case depending on the length and
frequency of time series data availability.
• Analysis of general welfare issues – This shall be applied
whenever a time series data spread across point of reform
is not available, or data need to be collected through
primary survey.
• Inter state/city comparison – A comparison of
differential experiences across states/cities.
• Follow both quantitative and qualitative approach based
on nature of information and extent of availability.
Thank you.
Your comments please.
Appendix
Data requirements –
Wheat - Consumer welfare
• Availability of wheat, price paid – Public distribution
system, open market
• Market price movement in wheat – wholesale price,
retail price
• Quality-price interaction; role of
standardisation/certification/grading
• Inflation – overall, foodgrain, wheat; wholesale; retail
• Household income – overall, select states
• Export of wheat
• Nature, extent, periods of restriction on movement
Data requirements –
Wheat - Producer welfare
• Area under cultivation, production of wheat
• Average quantities of fertilizer, insecticide/pesticide, seeds, electricity, water,
fuel, and manure available
• Price of inputs, Subsidy provided
• Availability of credit – overall, from organised sources, from unorganised
sources; terms of credit
• Coverage under crop insurance
• Cost of production of wheat
• Average Yield
• Procurement of wheat
• Minimum Support Price
• Farm gate/ harvest price
• Price received for open market sales to mandi
• Quality-price interaction, role of standardisation/certification
• Proportion of farmer sales in a region to private parties like local
moneylenders, traders, middlemen, mandi (open market sales) etc. vis-a-vis
govt procurement agencies
Data requirements –
Wheat - Producer welfare (contd.)
• Receipt of payment – mode of payment, time taken to receive full
payment
• District wise storage capacity of
– Central/State Warehousing Corporation
– Other operators under Private Entrepreneurship Guarantee Scheme and the
Rural Godown Scheme
• Terms and condition for accessing such facilities by farmers; actual
utilisation
• Average transportation cost to warehouses, storage cost
• Impact of warehouse availability on price realisation by farmers
• Volume, value of contract (under contract farming); number of farmers
involved; areas under contract cultivation
• Volume of direct marketing, the players involved, value of transaction
• Number of private markets, number of agents operating from private
markets, volume-value of trade, price comparison with APMC mandis
• Retail price of wheat
• Inflation data – overall, foodgrain, wheat
Data requirements –
Bus transport - Consumer welfare
• Time series data on
–
–
–
–
–
–
Route details like origin-destination, length,
Time table, frequency of service (different times of the day/week)
Number of operators, different types of operator
No. of buses operating – overall, route wise, operator wise
Passenger carrying capacity – overall, route wise, operator wise; capacity utilisation
Fare matrix
• Types of services
• Amenities/facilities available
• Time series data on CPI-IW
• Time series data on household income
• Timeliness of service, time taken to reach destination
• Distance travelled to reach nearest bus-stops
• Need to avail of other forms of transport (Auto/Rickshaw/Mini bus/etc.) to reach
the bus stop
• Consumer knowledge /perception on various issues like
– fare determination authority, process, transparency
– quality of bus service – over time, vis-à-vis fare, operator, etc.
Data requirements –
Bus transport - Producer welfare
• Entry requirements - Charges, Terms and condition of permit/license – across states, different
time points
• Terms and conditions under different regulatory regimes.
• Longevity, performance of new entrants
• Time series data on
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Route details like origin-destination, length,
Time table, frequency of service (different times of the day/week), required travel time
Number of operators, different types of operator
No. of buses operating – overall, route wise, operator wise
Trips per bus
Passenger carrying capacity – overall, route wise, operator wise; capacity utilisation
Fare matrix
Revenue – total generated, received by private operator
Input cost, Cost of operation
Profit, investment, return
• Route determination process, level of participation by operators, total no. of routes, no. of
profitable routes
• Fare determination process, fare across operators-routes-time, level of freedom of operators
in fare determination
• Quality of service, amenities
• No. of trains, fare, schedule, frequency, travel time
Perception survey sampling framework
Agriculture







Sample size: 400 respondents - 200 farmers, 200 consumers from
each of the two states.
States: Rajasthan and Bihar
Districts: From amongst the top wheat producing districts, subject
to the condition that the selected two districts should not be
geographically adjacent to each other. 100 farmers, 100 consumers
from each of the districts.
 Rajasthan: Alwar, Hanumangarh.
 Bihar: Rohtas, Saran.
From each districts, two blocks shall be covered (50 farmers, 50
consumers from each block)
From each block, two villages shall be covered (25 farmers, 25
consumers from each block)
Consumers will be sampled from the urban areas only.
Sample selection will be stratified random. In the absence of a
complete frame, minimum share of different categories of
farmers/consumers (based on production data for farmers and
income-expenditure data for consumers) in the sample will be
imposed.
Bus transport





Sample size: 300 respondents - 200 intra-city, 100 inter-city from
each of the two states.
City/State: Bhopal, MP and Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
Inter-city routes: Two routes (50 passengers from each route) from
amongst the busiest ones. The selected two routes should show
contrast in terms of operators/buses, frequency, route length etc.
 Bhopal: Bhopal-Indore (high frequency, large no. of
buses, 250km distance); Bhopal-Gwalior (low
frequency, limited number of buses, 450 km distance)
 Ahmedabad: Ahmedabad-Baroda (Public dominance,
short distance of 110 km, high frequency, alternate
mode train available throughout the day), AhmedabadJamnagar (Limited public service, Longer distance of
320 km, lower frequency, limited alternate mode of
travel)
Intra city bus passenger: 200 samples from each state
 3 to 4 major bus depots/starting hubs to be identified
 1 to 2 busy routes operating from these hubs to be
identified – max 5 routes or minimum 40 regular
passengers per route
 Routes will be selected from both BRTS services and
mini-bus (in Bhopal)/ AMTS (in Ahmedabad) routes
Sample selection will be random from regular bus commuters
In depth interview sampling framework
Wheat
Bus transport
Intra city
Input Suppliers : Public
10
Input Suppliers : Private
10 Input Suppliers
Middlemen
10 Bus Operators: Public & Private*
Traders
10 State Government Officials
Government Officials
20
Storage: Public
10 Input Suppliers
Storage: Private
10 Bus Operators: Public & Private*
10
Millers
20 State Government Officials
10
Distributors : Public
10
Distributors: Private
10
Farmers/Business Associations
5
Community Based Organisations
5
Business consumers
Total
5
10
5
Inter city
Total
5
45
10 *: distribution of 10 samples into public and private operators will
140
vary in accordance to the nature of local transport network.
Identified sources and data availability
on wheat
Sl.
Data Description
No.
1 Wheat : Area, Production and Yield 2000-01 to 2011-12 (all India)
2 All-India Area, Production and Yield of Food grains and Wheat along with coverage under
Irrigation
3 All India Compound Growth Rates of Area, Production and Yield of Principal Crops during
1980-1990,1990-2000 and 2000-2012 (Base:T.E.1981-82=100)
4 Growth Rates of Area, Production and Yield of Principal Crops in India from 1994-95 to 201112 (Base: T.E.1993-94 = 100)
5 State‐wise Compound Annual Rate of Growth in Area, Production and Yield of Wheat During
Decades of 1990s vis‐a‐vis 2000s
6 State-wise yield of wheat 2002-03 to 2011-12
7 Area and Yield under High Yielding Varieties of Wheat in Major States 2000-01 to 2008-09
8 District wise area, production, and yield of wheat: Available for Bihar & Rajasthan post 19992000
9 District wise area, production, and yield of wheat: Bihar & Rajasthan (1986-87 to 2001-02
10 State-wise Procurement of Rice and Wheat in Major Rice and Wheat Producing States (200102 to 2012-13)
11 Stock of Food grains in the Central Pool (1991-2012)
12 Existing Buffer Stock Norms for food grains
Data Source
Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of
Agriculture
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of
Agriculture
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Crop Production Statistics Information System
State Departments of Agriculture
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Identified sources and data availability
on wheat (continued)
Sl.
Data Description
No.
13 Buffer Stock of Cereals with the Central Pool (1992-93 to 2012-13)
14 Scheme‐wise Offtake of Food grains from the Central Pool (2007-08 to 2011-12)
15 Per Capita Net Availability of Food grains (Per day and per annum) in India (1951-2011)
16 Central Warehousing Corporation commodity tariff 2013-14
17 Export and Import of Food grains (1990-91 to 2011-12)
18 India's Imports and Exports of Rice and Wheat (2002-03 to 2011-12)
19 Tariffs and Bound Rates on Major Agricultural Commodities(Cereals and Pulses): as on
01.09.12)
20 Minimum Support Prices of various Agricultural Commodities (2008-09 to 2012-13)
21 Comparison of unit value of export of wheat with MSP (1990-91 to 2011-12)
22 Wheat : Month‐end Wholesale Prices (2008-09 to 2012-13)
23 Trends in Wholesale Price Index of Food grains (BASE:2004-05=100) from 2005-06 to 201112
24 Growth rates of wholesale price index of food grains (2006-07 to 2011-12)
25 Central Issue Prices of Rice, Wheat and Coarse grains (1997 onwards)
Data Source
Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of
Agriculture; Food Corporation of India
Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of
Agriculture
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Central Warehousing Corporation
Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of
Agriculture
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of
Agriculture
Price Policy for Rabi Crops, CACP, Ministry of
Agriculture
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Identified sources and data availability
on wheat (continued)
Sl.
Data Description
No.
26 Month wise release of bulletin on production, procurement, import, export, stocks, allocation,
offtake, storage capacity, movement, prices, food subsidy (National and state wise)
27 District wise wholesale market details-state of regulation, godown facilities, cold storage
facility, dist. To railway station, commodities, telephone no. (2004)
28 Year-wise availability of Certified/ Quality Seeds-wheat (1983-84 to 2011-12)
29 State-wise Estimated Consumption of Fertiliser per Hectare (2009-10 to 2011-12)
30 State wise: Average Size of Holdings by Size Group, 2010-11 (Hectares)
Data Source
Department of Food and Public Distribution
monthly bulletin going back to Oct, 2011
Directory of Wholesale Agricultural Produce
Assembling Markets in India
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Identified sources and data availability
on bus transport
Sl.
Data Description
No
1 Share of Different Modes of Transport in GDP (1999-00 to 2009-10)
2 Divisions, Depots, and Schedules of GSRTC as on 31/03/2006
3 Growth of Passenger Road Transport in Gujarat (1960-61 to 2005-06)
Data Source
Ministry of Transport and Highways, Policy
Issues-2011
Trivedi, Shipla M. (2010), An analysis of financial
performance of state road transport corporation
in Gujarat, http://hdl.handle.net/10603/705
4 Commencement of State Road Transportation in States/Union Territories
5 GSRTC type of service wise Fare details
GSRTC website
6 GSRTC Intrercity route details (schedule, fare, destination, origin, places passing through)
7 Concession by and Reimbursement to GSRTC
8 Dead kilometres (distance travelled for which no revenue is generated) in Gujarat (1996-97
to 2005-06)
9 Gujarat Cancellation of Scheduled trips (1996-97 to 2005-06)
Trivedi, Shipla M. (2012), Performance review of
GSRTC, International Journal of Social Science &
Interdisciplinary Research, Vol.1 Issue 9, pp3348
10 Gujarat Fleet position (1996-97 to 2005-06)
11 Fleet position at GSRTC (2000-01 to 2008-09)
12 Internal Expenditure Projections of GSRTC (2009-2015)
13 Relative Efficiency of GSRTC vis-à-vis other STUs(2008-09)
Basu, S. and Ravichandran N. (2012), Towards
the Strategic Transformation of GSRTC, IIM
Indore Case Study
Identified sources and data availability
on bus transport (continued)
Sl.
No
14 Population to bus ratio
Data Description
15 Manpower position in various categories 2009-2012
Data Source
Basu, S. and Ravichandran N. (2012), Towards
the Strategic Transformation of GSRTC, IIM
Indore Case Study
16 Segment wise concession to passengers
17 Trip wise analysis of profitability
18 Fare Matrix- BRTS Ahmadabad
BRTS website
19 AMTS details of operation 2011-12 and 2012-13: staff, fleet, route, revenue, profit/loss, cost,
etc.
20 Existing Public Transport system of Bhopal city
AMTS website, Transport Manager
21 Details of Route Operated by BCLL
22 Mini-bus Routes in Bhopal
23 Details of Trunk Corridors (BRT Routes), Standards Routes (BCCL), Complimentary Routes
(mini-bus), IPT Feeder Service (Tata Magic Routes)
Singh, A. P. et al (2012), A review on urban
public transport system of Bhopal city,
International Journal of Advanced Engineering
Technology, Vol.III, Issue II, April-June, pp 163167
Route Rationalization: BMC, Sustainable Urban
Transportation Project Website
(http://www.sutpindia.com)