This Week: The Greenhouse Effect • Reading: Continue Chapter 3 • Problem Set 2 Due in Discussion Fri This Week: The Greenhouse Effect (GHE) • Atmospheric structure, composition, and absorptivity • Which gases contribute to the GHE and why are some better than others? • What are the major sources of GHG to the atmosphere? 1-Layer Model of the Greenhouse Effect (So/4)A So/4 (1-) FsfOUT FatmOUT Atmosphere Tatm FsfIN FsfOUT Surface Tsf FatmOUT The Greenhouse Effect Ttrue – T”bare rock” 289 K – 256 K = 33 K Definition: Absorption of terrestrial longwave radiation by the atmosphere, causing the surface T to be larger than the planet’s emission T (as determined from absorbed solar radiation flux). The Greenhouse Effect is a 1. Human-induced environmental problem 2. A natural phenomenon present on many planets 87% tu ra l na A H um an -in d ph uc ed en om e. en . .. .. 13% The physics of the Greenhouse Effect can best be described by analogy to 1. A greenhouse 2. A solar powered water heater 3. Eggshells and orange peels in Earth’s energy drain 53% g. .. or an d an ls he l gs Eg A so la rp A gr ee ow er ed nh w ou s at .. e 24% 24% Earth’s Atmosphere Measures of Composition Physical Characteristics •Pressure •Temperature •Regions Earth’s Atmosphere •Thin collection of mainly gases and some condensed phases •Extends from Earth’s surface to about 100 Km. •Primary components (% by volume) •N2 (78%) •O2 (21%) •Argon (0.9%) •H2O vapor (0.00001 – 4%) •CO2 (0.038%) •Many trace and ultra-trace components Measuring Atmospheric Pressure Patm at pt A and B is the same. Height of fluid related to balance between gravity and Patm vacuum h A B Barometric Law—”Hydrostatic Equation” Pressure Gradient Force P(z2) P(z1) The atmosphere’s tendency to be pulled into space is balanced by gravity. Gravity Are these two forces always in balance? Announcements • Office Hours Today – 4-5pm in 506 ATG – 5-6pm in 406 ATG • Go to Focus the Nation on Thursday • JISAO lectures (see course website) Today • Review Pressure vs Altitude • Temperature vs Altitude • Atmospheric Absorptivity, key players Pressure Decreases Exponentially w/Altitude Gases (air) are compressible fluids unlike liquids. altitude height P An exponential decay is an exponential growth in reverse “Compressible” bricks of air stacked on each other Vertical Profiles of Pressure Mean values for 30oN, March Pressure decreases exponentially with increasing altitude. -”air gets thinner as you go up” 1 hPa = 1 mbar ~ 0.001 atm ln(P) is a straight line when plotted vs. altitude. What fraction of the atmosphere’s mass is below 15 km? 1. 30% 2. 60% 3. 90% 73% 15 km 17% % 90 % 60 30 % 10% Vertical Profiles of Temperature Mean values for 30oN, March Regions of lower atmosphere separated by behavior of T with altitude Altitude (km) Temperature structure of atmosphere is complex. Atmospheric Structure and Composition Key Points • The atmosphere is a collection of ideal gases P = RT • Pressure is force/area; difference in air pressure will cause motion • Air pressure and decrease exponentially with altitude (“air gets thinner”) • T decreases from 0 – 15 km (troposphere), increases from 15 – 50 km (stratosphere), decreases again from 50 – 80 km (mesosphere) The Greenhouse Effect (GHE) • What gases contribute to the G.H.E.? • What’s special about these “greenhouse gases” (G.H.G)? • How does adding a GHG to the atmosphere warms the surface? • What makes one GHG “better” than another? Solar and Terrestrial Emission Spectra Assuming black bodies What Gases are Greenhouse Gases (GHG’s)? Greenhouse gases absorb terrestrial outgoing longwave radiation I.e. they absorb infrared (IR) radiation Several different gases give rise to the overall Greenhouse Effect. Why are only some gases GHG? The answer lies in our analogy to charges on springs interacting with EM radiation. IR radiation carries enough energy to make molecules vibrate and rotate. Announcements • Office Hours Today – 4-5pm in 506 ATG • Go to Focus the Nation on Thursday • JISAO lectures (see course website) Greenhouse Gases Absorb IR Radiation Kirchoff’s law: to absorb radiation, the molecules must be able to emit that radiation. For gas to absorb IR radiation: must generate oscillations in E&M fields when vibrate and rotate + O O - H + H + O H + H + H + O H O H + H + - + OC + H H + - + O C O O Earth Atmosphere’s Absorptivity Absorption Spectrum Indicates the absorptivity we assumed in our 1-layer model Emission Spectrum Taken From Space Emission from cold atmosphere and warm surface “Atmospheric Window” Spectrum taken over Niger valley, N Africa Addition of a GHG Absorbing at 11 m 1. Initial state Addition of a GHG Absorbing at 11 m 2. Emission at 11 m decreases (cold atmosphere) Addition of a GHG Absorbing at 11 m 3. New equilibrium: total emission must be same emission at other ’s must increase Earth surface must heat! Because H2O vapor absorbs the larger fraction of OLR, reducing CO2 concentrations will not reduce the Greenhouse Effect 1. True 2. False 95% ls e Fa Tr ue 5% GHG Ranking Factors 1. Amount: more there is, more radiation can be potentially absorbed 2. Ability: depends on the wavelength 3. Location: both where in the atmosphere and where () in the outgoing radiation spectrum Fraction absorbed ability to absorb Band Saturation maximum possible 1 Intrinsic to GHG, doesn’t depend on [GHG] Simulated effect of increasing [GHG] on “Emission Height” Altitude (z) Tb4 b Ta4 Emission to space from z = a carries much more energy than from z = b a Temperature Ts