Eisenhower and Nixon promised to deal with
Communism, Corruption and Korea
Dwight D. Eisenhower
President, 1953-1961
A moderate Republican
Eisenhower’s election, plus death of Stalin
led to truce in Korea in 1953
Religious Influence was
at an all-time high in the 1950s
Religious enthusiasm was partly a way for Americans to
show how we were different from communist nations.
•“under God” was added to Pledge of Allegiance in 1954
•“In God we Trust” was made the national motto in 1956
and added to all paper currency in 1957
Weekly Church attendance in 2011
Meanwhile, the world lived in constant fear of an all-out
nuclear war
1945 - Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1949 – USSR has A-Bomb
1952 – US has Hydrogen Bomb = 450 times the A Bomb
1953 – USSR has H-Bomb
1961 – largest bomb ever Tsar Bomba = over 2,000 times A-Bomb
Separate and unequal
Brown v. Board of Education
May 17, 1954
Segregation of white and colored children in
public schools has a detrimental effect upon the
colored children. The impact is greater when it
has the sanction of the law, for the policy of
separating the races is usually interpreted as
denoting the inferiority of the Negro group …
We conclude that in the field of public education
the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place.
Separate educational facilities are inherently
unequal. —Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the
U.S. Supreme Court, writing for a unanimous
court
Southern Manifesto (1956)
Signed by 19 senators and 82 House members from the
former Confederacy, including the entire congressional delegations of
Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana,
Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia.
We regard the decisions of the Supreme Court in the school cases as
a clear abuse of judicial power.
This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the
Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally
affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white
and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient
effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and
suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and
understanding.
We pledge ourselves to use all lawful means to bring about a reversal
of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent
the use of force in its implementation.
Emmett Till and his mother
Photo of Emmett Till’s body
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Little Rock Crisis 1957
Central High School
September 23,
1957
Who's Who in the
Little Rock Crisis
The Little Rock Nine: Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest
Green, Thelma Mothershed, Melba Pattillo, Gloria Ray, Terrance
Roberts, Jefferson Thomas, Carlotta Walls:
Daisy Bates: President of the Arkansas NAACP and coordinator of the
plan to enroll nine black students at Central High.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: president of the United States
Orval E. Faubus: Governor of Arkansas, serving the second of his six
two-year terms.
Thurgood Marshall: NAACP chief counsel.
Little Rock Crisis – September, 1957
1997 - Daisy Bates, Governor Mike Huckabee, Mayor Jim Dailey, and
the Principal of Central High.
Norman Rockwell painted The Problem We All Live With. It
depicts federal marshals guarding six-year-old Ruby
Bridges on her way to elementary school in New
Orleans, Louisiana, in 1960.
Sputnik
Oct 4, 1957
In reaction,
NASA was
created in 1958
The Space Race was on!
The Honeymooners
In 1959, there were 26 TV westerns in prime time
Perry Mason
CIA Activities in 1950s
• 1953 – CIA supports coup in Iran to
overthrow elected leader and restore Shah
to power
• 1954 – CIA orchestrates overthrow of
elected president of Guatemala
• U.S. did not intervene in Hungary Uprising
of 1956
1959 – Fidel Castro
comes to power in
Cuba
U-2 Incident - 1960
The Military-Industrial Complex, 1952
The Military-Industrial Complex in Los Angeles
Kennedy-Nixon
Debates 1960
Election
Of 1960
The U.S. and Cuba
U.S. Atomic Tests, 1945-1962
November 22, 1963
1963 John Kennedy Jr
Jacqueline Kennedy and Lady Bird Johnson
standing by as Lyndon B. Johnson takes
the oath of office aboard Air Force One
November 22, 1963.
Review – Civil Rights 1954-1957
• 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education
• 1955 – murder of Emmett Till
• 1955 – Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus
Boycott; emergence of Martin Luther King,
Jr. and SCLC
• 1957 – Little Rock Crisis
Louis Armstrong
Ella Fitzgerald
Nat King Cole
Sidney Poitier, first black to win best actor
(“Lilies of the Field,” 1963)
Bill Cosby, first African-American to star in TV drama (“I Spy”)
Jackie Robinson
Hank Aaron hitting
his 715th home run
to break Babe
Ruth's record
Joe Louis
Muhammad Ali
Greensboro Sit-In 1960
Woolworth's lunch counter in Jackson, MS
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (or SNCC, pronounced "snick"
Ella Baker
Freedom Riders
Bull Connor in Birmingham
George Wallace – “segregation now,
segregation tomorrow, and segregation
forever."
1963 March on Washington
“I Have a Dream”
President Johnson signs the historic
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Selma, Alabama
Election
Of 1964
Thurgood Marshall
Ho Chi Minh
1890-1969
Indochina
in 1954
Kennedy and Johnson
A young Marine - August 3, 1965
Vietnam War
Napalm bombs explode on Viet Cong structures south of Saigon, 1965
The Lorraine Motel, where Rev. King was
assassinated
Robert F. Kennedy
Hubert Humphrey
Richard M. Nixon accepting the Republican Party's U.S.
presidential nomination in 1968
My Lai massacre
• J. William Fulbright
1939-1942 president of Univ.
of Ark.
1943-1945, U.S. congressman
1945-1974, U.S. senator from
Arkansas
– 1943 Fulbright Resolution,
favoring U.S. participation in
U.N.
– 1946 Fulbright Program,
educational exchange
program for scholars
between the U. S. and
foreign countries.
– 1959-1974, chairman of
Senate Foreign Relations
Committee
– Critic of Vietnam War
President Richard Nixon greets the released
John McCain.
Henry Kissinger
National Security Advisor, 1969-1973
Secretary of State, 1973-1977
Vietnam civilians try to board a US helicopter in Saigon, April 29, 1975
• In 1900 less than 10 percent of married women held
jobs outside the home. In 1998 about 61 percent held
jobs in the work place.
A survey in August 2005 asked, "Would you like to
see the Supreme Court make it harder to get an
abortion than it is now, make it easier to get an
abortion than it is now, or leave the ability to get
an abortion the same as it is now?"
42% of respondents said abortion should be
"harder" to obtain,
9% that it should be "easier" to obtain, and
47% said access should remain "same."
A July 2005 poll asked Americans about Roe vs.
Wade and found that 29% want it overturned
while 65% do not.
American Indian Movement
Cesar Chavez
United Farm Workers of America
“si se puede” (“it can be done”)
Stonewall Riots - 1969
Earth Day began in 1970
December 1970
Nixon in China 1972
Nixon and family August 8, 1974
Buh bye
Gerald Ford
President 1974-1977
“Whip Inflation Now”
Ford with Soviet leader Brezhnev in 1974
Election
Of 1976
Jimmy Carter,
President 1977-1981
Camp David Peace Accords
Sadat, Carter, and Begin
1979 Iran Hostage Crisis
Ayatollah Khomeini
Oil prices, adjusted for inflation
Imported crude oil as a percent of US consumption.
Election
Of 1980
Ronald and Nancy Reagan Jan 20, 1981
U.S. agents attending to the wounded after the assassination attempt on
President Ronald Reagan by John W. Hinckley, Jr., March 30, 1981.
Reagan in 1985
U.S. involvement in Latin America and Caribbean, 1954-1990
1984
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
Also known as “Star Wars”
Reagan and
Margaret Thatcher
Reagan in Berlin, 1987
“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”
Oliver North in 1987
Iran-Contra Scandal
Bush & Quayle
vs.
Dukakis & Bentsen
“Read my lips: no new taxes”
Army Rangers in Panama
Prague Spring,
1968
Collapse
of the
Soviet Union
Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and Russia
Gulf War,
1991
Election
Of 1992
Bill Clinton,
President 1993-2001
Governor Clinton and President Carter
Chelsea, Hillary, and Bill
• Presidents Bill Clinton, George Bush, Ronald Reagan,
Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, and their wives at the funeral
of President Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994.
Monica Lewinsky hugs Clinton
Candidate
Party
Popular Vote
Electoral Vote
George W. Bush Republican
50,460,110
47.9%
271
Al Gore
Democratic
51,003,926
48.4%
266
Ralph Nader
Green
2,883,105
2.7%
0
Final certified vote for the state of Florida (25 electoral votes)
Presidential
Candidate
Vote
Total
Pct
Party
George W. Bush (W) 2,912,790 48.850 Republican
Al Gore
2,912,253 48.841 Democratic
Ralph Nader
97,421
1.633 Green
Patrick J. Buchanan
17,412
0.292 Reform
Harry Browne
16,102
0.270 Libertarian
John Hagelin
2,274
0.038 Natural Law/Reform
Howard Phillips
1,378
0.023 Constitution
Other
3,027
0.051 -
Total
5,962,657 100.00
Source: CBS News State Results for Election 2000
George W. Bush
President, 2001-
September 11, 2001
Rice, Powell, Bush and Rumsfeld
Donald Rumsfeld, at the time Ronald Reagan's
special envoy, meeting with Saddam Hussein
during a visit to Baghdad in 1983.
Baghdad, April 2003
May 1, 2003
“major combat operations have ended”
Saddam Hussein captured December 2003
Bush v. Kerry 2004
2004 Election – states re-sized according to
population
Election
Of 2000
The World at the Start of the new Millennium
Population density, 2000
in persons per sq. mil: 1-4 (yellow), 5-9 (lt. green), 10-24 (teal), 25-49 (dk. teal), 50-99 (blue-green),
100-249 (blue), 250-66,995 (black).
Ancestry - 2000 census
An American Baby - 1900
• 83.5% chance survival first year
– 92% mothers survive childbirth
• Life Expectancy – 48 years
• <10% live in suburbs
• 50% live in households of 6 or more
– 0% refrigerators, 2% electricity,
8% central heating,10% flush toilets
• 10% chance graduating HS, 2% college
Health, United States, 2004, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus04trend.pdf#027
The First Measured Century. Caplow, Hicks, Wattenberg http://www.pbs.org/fmc/book.htm
An American Baby - Today
• 99+% survive infancy
– 99+% mothers survive childbirth
• Life Expectancy – 77 years
• >50% live in suburbs
• <10% live in households of 6+
– 99+% refrigerators, 99+% electricity,
94% central heating, 99+% flush toilets
• 88% chance graduating HS, 25% college
Health, United States, 2004, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus04trend.pdf#027
The First Measured Century. Caplow, Hicks, Wattenberg http://www.pbs.org/fmc/book.htm