Slave States
and Free states
In 1787
Three Weaknesses of the
Articles of Confederation
in force 1781-1789
1. Economic policy
– Couldn’t tax, regulate trade or control
currency
2. National Security
Threats from Britain,
Indians,
internal revolts
3. Weak Federal Government
No executive or judicial branch, Congress could
not enforce laws
Northwest Ordinance
Of 1787
The Signing of the Constitution, September 17, 1787
Two key framers of Constitution
James Madison
“Father of the Constitution”
Alexander Hamilton
Two key compromises
1. Great Compromise
– New Jersey Plan: Small states wanted one
vote per state
– Virginia Plan: Big states wanted proportional
representation
– Great Compromise: House with proportional,
Senate with equal votes
2. 3/5 Compromise
– Slave states wanted to count
slaves for representation
– Free states did not
– 3/5 Compromise: 3 persons
counted for every 5 slaves
Three Branches of Government
• Article 1: Legislative (Congress)
– Pass laws, confirm treaties and judges,
declare war
• Article 2: Executive (President)
– Sign and carry out laws, make treaties,
appoint judges, be Commander-in-Chief
• Article 3: Judicial (Supreme Court)
– Interpret law, especially Constitution
Authors of the Federalist
Papers:
Alexander Hamilton,
James Madison, and
John Jay
Bill of Rights
(first 10 Amendments)
First Amendment Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the
press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Government for a
redress of grievances.
Second Amendment A well regulated Militia, being
necessary to the security of a free State, the
right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall
not be infringed.
Third Amendment – Protection from
quartering of troops.
Fourth Amendment – Protection from
unreasonable search and seizure.
Fifth Amendment – Due process, double
jeopardy, self-incrimination, private
property.
• Sixth Amendment – Trial by jury and other
rights of the accused.
• Seventh Amendment – Civil trial by jury.
• Eighth Amendment – Prohibition of
excessive bail, as well as cruel and
unusual punishment.
Ninth Amendment – Protection of rights not
specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights.
– The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights,
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others
retained by the people.
Tenth Amendment – Powers of states and people
– The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are
reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
George Washington in New York Harbor
George Washington
President, 1789-1797
Key Issues:
1. Financial policies
2. Formation of parties
3. Whiskey Rebellion
4. Jay’s Treaty
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Hamilton, Adams
Jefferson, Madison
Strong central government
Weak central government, states’
rights
Broad view of Constitution
Narrow view of Constitution
Pro-business
Pro-farmers
Support in North, cities
Support in South, frontier, rural
areas
Wealthy, distrust the masses
Common, distrust the elite
Pro-British
Pro-French
Control free speech
Lots of free speech
Whiskey Rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion
Jay’s Treaty
• 1794 treaty between US and Britain that
avoided war and improved trade.
• Opposed by Jefferson and Madison
Damn John Jay!
Damn everyone that won't damn
John Jay! Damn every one that
won't put lights in his window and
sit up all night damning John Jay!
John Jay, first chief justice of the U.S.
Indian Lands
Acquired
Indian Treaty of Greenville
G.W.’s Farewell Address
• Avoid sectional divisions between North
and South or East and West
• Avoid “party spirit”
• Religion and Morality “indispensable”
• Promote education
• Avoid debt
• “Steer clear of permanent alliances with
any portion of the foreign world”
Death of Washington
1799
“First in war,
first in peace and
first in the hearts of
his countrymen.”
(Henry Lee)
Washington, D.C.
31 States have a Washington County
John Adams
2nd President
1797-1801
XYZ affair, cartoon "Civic Feast," 1797
Thomas Jefferson
President 1801-1809
Monticello
To the shores of Tripoli
In 1805, the United States government refused to continue paying Barbary Coast pirates
to refrain from raiding American merchant ships.
When negotiations for a treaty failed, Jefferson sent an expeditionary force of Marines.
Napoleon
Anti-Jefferson
cartoon
The Embargo of 1807
Believing with you that religion is a matter which
lies solely between man and his God, that he
owes account to none other for his faith or his
worship, that the legislative powers of
government reach actions only, and not
opinions, I contemplate with sovereign
reverence that act of the whole American people
which declared that their legislature should
"make no law respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,"
thus building a wall of separation between
church and State.
- Thomas Jefferson, 1802 letter to Danbury
Baptists
University of Virginia
HERE WAS BURIED
THOMAS JEFFERSON
Author of the
DECLARATION
of
AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
of the
STATUTE OF VIRGINIA
for
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
and FATHER OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
James Madison
4th President
1809-1817
Tecumseh
Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811
Burning of the capitol
The Star-Spangled Banner
Andrew Jackson
“Old Hickory”
Battle of New Orleans, 1815
James Monroe
5th President
1817-1825
“The Era of Good
Feelings”
Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney in 1792
The steamboat Ouishita, Artist: George Catlin, 1832-1833
Boston Manufacturing Co. Mills, Waltham, MA, c. 1825 by Elijah B. Smith
The Union Manufacturers of Maryland, Palapsco Falls
US Cities in 1860
Erie Canal
Election
Of 1824
John Quincy Adams
6th President
1825-1829
John Quincy Adams
in 1848
Andrew Jackson at age 12
Andrew Jackson
Expansion of Voting Rights for White Men
Election
Of 1828
Andrew Jackson
7th President
1829-1837
Cartoon, the Downfall of Mother Bank
Jackson slays the Bank Monster
Jackson Square in New Orleans
Pensacola
Nashville
The Hermitage
$20 bill
Second
Great
Awakening,
1790-1830
Panic of
1837