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Objectives
• Analyze the movement toward greater
democracy and its impact.
• Describe the personal and political qualities
of Andrew Jackson.
• Summarize the causes and effects of the
removal of Native Americans in the early 1800s.
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Terms and People
•
caucus - a meeting of party members for the
purpose of choosing a candidate.
•
Andrew Jackson – popular war hero elected
president as a Democrat in 1828
•
Martin Van Buren – Jackson’s campaign manager
who ran the first modern election campaign in 1828
•
Jacksonian Democracy – a movement toward
greater popular democracy and recognition of the
common people as symbolized by Andrew Jackson
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Terms and People (continued)
•
spoils system – practice of giving government jobs
to loyal party supporters
•
Indian Removal Act – 1830 Act forcing the
relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes from the
southeast to present day Oklahoma
•
Trail of Tears – forced march to Oklahoma in the
winter of 1838, during which 4,000 Cherokees died
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What changes did Andrew Jackson
represent in American political life?
In 1824, a new political party emerged,
signaling a shift in American culture. The
nation’s concept of democracy was changing.
The era became known for one towering and
controversial figure: Andrew Jackson.
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Four candidates ran for President in 1824.
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of
Massachusetts was the most experienced.
• A congressional caucus of Democratic Republicans
favored Georgian William Crawford.
• War hero Andrew Jackson of Tennessee and
Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky were seen as
Adams’ greatest competition.
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Jackson received the most
popular votes, but no
candidate won a majority
in the electoral college.
In the House of
Representatives,
Adams was selected
after Clay threw his
support behind Adams.
When
Adams
named Clay to be
Secretary of State,
Jackson angrily
called it a “corrupt
bargain” and started
preparing early to
defeat Adams
in 1828.
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Andrew
Jackson
won the
Presidency
in 1828.
Jackson symbolized the rise
of new democratic ideals
uniting city workers, western
settlers, and southern
farmers against privileged
“aristocrats.”
This combination came to
be known as “Jacksonian
Democracy.”
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Jackson’s
followers
called
themselves
“Democrats.”
• Under Martin Van Buren his
campaign was the first to be
run in a disciplined and
professional fashion.
• Opponents were replaced in
government jobs by
supporters, using what critics
called “the spoils system.”
• Jackson promised a weak
federal government but was
ruthless against anyone who
challenged his decisions.
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As the “People’s President,”
Jackson symbolized America’s
“get ahead” and “self-made” image.
Born poor in a log cabin, Jackson was orphaned
as a boy and wounded in the Revolutionary War.
As an adult, he ventured west, earned a fortune
as a lawyer and planter, and fame as an Indian
fighter, and he was the hero of the Battle of New
Orleans.
His inauguration was attended by a rowdy
crowd of common people.
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Most states became more democratic
in the Jacksonian era.
By 1836, every
Increasingly,
state except
popular elections
South Carolina
replaced
selected
caucuses for
electors for the
selecting state
President based
and local
on popular
officials.
vote.
New state
constitutions
dropped
property
qualifications
for voting.
Participation in elections among white males rose from
less than 30% in the 1800s to nearly 80% in 1840.
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New state constitutions
expanded democracy by
including non-property
owning workers.
Non-whites and women
were still restricted.
• Loopholes that had
allowed woman
property holders to
vote in New Jersey
were closed.
• Free Blacks lost the
right to vote in most
states even if they
owned property.
• Native Americans
were not considered
citizens and were not
permitted to vote.
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Conflict arose between
Native Americans and whites
In the Southeast, the “five civilized tribes”
adopted White American culture.
They ran newspapers, schools and churches and
elected officials under republican constitutions.
Settlers wanted Native land. Many believed
Indians to be inferior.
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Jackson
supported
Southerners
and
Westerners
over Native
Americans.
• With Jackson’s urging,
Congress passed the
Indian Removal Act of
1830.
• In 1832, Chief Justice
Marshall ruled that the
seizure of native lands
was unconstitutional.
• Jackson defied the ruling.
“Justice Marshall has
made his decision, now
let him enforce it.”
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The five
civilized tribes
were removed
from their
lands in the
East and sent
to “Indian
Territory” in
Oklahoma.
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In 1838, federal
troops made
16,000
Cherokee move
from the
Southeast to
Oklahoma.
At least 4,000
people died
on the
Trail of Tears.
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