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Objectives
• Analyze why industrialization took root in the
northern part of the United States.
• Describe the impact of industrialization on
northern life.
• Analyze the reasons that agriculture and
slavery became entrenched in the South.
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Terms and People
•
Tariff of 1816 – a tax on imports designed to
protect American industry
•
capital – money used to invest in factories or
other productive assets
•
labor union – a group of workers who unite to
seek better pay and working conditions
•
nativist – person opposed to immigrants and
immigration
•
cotton gin – machine invented by Eli Whitney in
1793 to quickly separate seeds from cotton fibers
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How did the North and the South differ
during the first half of the 1800s?
Industrialization occurred mainly in the
Northeast while cotton production deepened
the South’s dependence on slavery.
These two geographical regions developed in
different ways, creating a complicated
political environment.
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While Thomas Jefferson favored a nation of farmers,
Democratic Republican policies contributed to the
growth of American industry in the early 1800s.
• With the supply of British goods cut off, American
industry grew during the 1807 embargo and
War of 1812.
• The Tariff of 1816 protected
American industry.
• The tariff inflated prices. This
profited manufacturers but was
costly for farmers.
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In the early
19th century,
the North
embraced
industry.
• Factory owners had
access to money for
investment called
capital.
• Immigrants provided
inexpensive labor.
• Swiftly flowing rivers
provided cheap power.
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In the early 19th century, workers tried to
unite but were not very successful.
• The Workingmen’s Party failed in both state and
local elections in 1820.
• The Workingmen’s Party supported the right of
workers to form labor unions, organizations that
unite to improve pay and working conditions.
• Early labor unions focused primarily on helping
skilled tradesmen such as carpenters and printers.
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Early
attempts
to force
employers
to raise pay
through
strikes
seldom
succeeded.
• The Lowell girls were
forced to accept pay cuts
when their protests failed
in 1834 and 1836.
• Factory owners frequently
turned to sympathetic
judges for assistance.
• A New York court convicted
twenty tailors of conspiracy
for forming a union in
1835.
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The industrial revolution brought about
the emergence of a middle class.
• The middle class was made up of managers,
clerks, accountants, and retailers, who worked
in offices outside the home.
• The middle class was economically above
laborers but below business owners.
• They moved away from the crowded city, which
led to socially segregated neighborhoods.
• Middle class women began to stay at home.
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Immigration changed America’s urban
population beginning in the 1840s.
Most immigrants came to Northern cities.
Few went to the South.
Immigration grew from 600,000 per year in the
1830s to 2,800,000 per year in the 1850s.
Prior to 1840, most immigrants were English or
Scottish. After 1840, a larger percentage were
Irish or German.
The Irish arrived following a potato famine.
The Germans came due to a failed revolution,
famine, and depression.
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For the first time, many immigrants
were Catholic or Jewish.
Many Protestants distrusted the Catholic
Church and resented immigrants as
competitors for jobs.
Nativist politicians in the new Whig Party
exploited ethnic prejudices and campaigned
against immigration and immigrants.
In response, most Catholic and Jewish
immigrants joined the Democratic Party.
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Most immigrants
became urban
laborers, though
some set up
businesses or
moved to the
Midwest.
• The rapid influx of people
caused social, economic
and political strains in
cities.
• Various immigrant groups
and free Africans competed
for jobs and housing in
shabby neighborhoods.
• This competition led to
riots in Philadelphia in
1844 and in Baltimore
in 1854.
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The Founding Fathers had hoped that
slavery would gradually fade away.
Slavery continued.
Three developments
caused cotton
production to surge,
making slavery very
profitable in the
Deep South:
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• The invention of
the cotton gin
• The expansion of
cotton production
westward
• A huge demand for
cotton due to
industrialization
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In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.
By making it easier to separate the seeds from
the cotton fibers, the gin turned cotton from a
minor crop into the major export of the
American South.
Between 1793 and 1820,
cotton production rose from
5 million to 170 million
pounds a year.
Planters expanded or built
new cotton plantations
throughout the south.
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The new plantations filled a demand from factories
in the Northeast and Europe as “King Cotton” soon
accounted for half the value of all
U.S. exports.
Importation of slaves was abolished
in 1808, causing a huge increase
in the cost of a slave from $600 in
1802 to $1,800 in 1860.
The slave population grew from
1.5 million in 1820 to 4 million
in 1860.
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Dependence on “King Cotton” greatly
limited the economy of the South.
• Fluctuating prices led to bankruptcies
in bad years and high profits in others.
• Unlike the North, the South saw very
little urban growth. Few immigrants
were attracted to the South.
• The South failed to develop the
commercial towns common in
the Northeast and Midwest.
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As the North’s urban population grew, the
South lost political power, especially in the
House of Representatives.
Southerners feared that Northerners would
threaten their investment in slavery.
Little was done for poor whites. Illiteracy was
three times the rate in the North.
Southerners rationalized that slavery was a
positive that Christianized and helped Africans.
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• In 1860, only one in four
southern families owned
slaves.
While the South
defended slavery,
slaveholders
were actually a
small minority.
• Three fourths of the families
who did own slaves owned
fewer than ten.
• Only a small aristocracy of
3,000 wealthy planters
owned 100 or more slaves.
• The typical slaveholder lived
in a farmhouse and worked
beside his four or five slaves.
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If so few
benefited from
slavery, why
did Southerners
defend the
slave system?
• Most aspired to acquire slaves
and a plantation.
• Southern whites shared a
sense of racial superiority and
pride in their independence.
• Most believed that slaves were
better off than poor northern
factory workers.
• Most feared that freed blacks
would seek a bloody revenge.
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Jefferson, Madison, and Washington apologized for slavery
as a necessary evil. But by the 1850s, pro-slavery
Southerners defended slavery as a positive good.
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