Tuesday, November 3 rd , 2015
Topic 8, Section 2
Nationalist Movements in Africa and the
Middle East
Identify how Africans resisted colonial rule.
Describe the rise of nationalism in Africa.

Africans Protest Colonial Rule
• Early 1900s, more and more Africans felt impact of colonial rule.
• Europeans took advantage to produce $$$$$.
• Calls for change ensued.

Exploitation of African Colonies
• Exploited mineral resources of Africa, sent raw materials to European factories.
• White settlers forced Africans off the best land.
• British made all Africans, in Kenya, carry identification cards, pay a tax, and live or travel only in certain areas.

A Policy of Segregation in South Africa
• Racial segregation ensured white economic, political, and social supremacy.
– Africans pushed into low-paid, less-skilled work.
– South Africans blacks had to carry passes at all times.
– Forced to live on crowded reserves with infertile land.
– 1936, blacks lose right to vote.
– 1948, apartheid becomes law.

A Rising Tide of African Nationalism
• 1920s, Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of
Africans and the people of African descent worldwide.
– Marcus Garvey
• Preached a forceful, appealing message of “Africa for Africans” and demanded an end to colonial rule.

• Negritude movement
– Writers expressed pride in their African roots and culture and protested colonial rule.
– Work expressed human desire for freedom and dignity.

Modernization of Turkey and Persia
• Asia Minor, peninsula in western Asia between the
Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, ethnic Turks fought to build a modern nation, Turkey.

• Treaty of Sevres – Ottoman Empire gives up land.
• Ataturk, overthrew Ottoman sultan (ruler), defeated
Greeks, declared Turkey a republic.
• Reunited Turkish peoples in Turkey.

• Goal was to make Turkey like Europe/US, separate religion from government.