Nationalism and
Revolution
Around the World
1910-1939
WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 12 SECTION 2
What is Nationalism in Africa and
the Middle East
Africans Resist Colonial Rule
 During
the early 1900’s, most of Africa was claimed by one of
the European powers.
 Africans
were forced off of the best lands, and were forced
to work in the mines or on the plantations.
 Africans
who did have their own land were not allowed to
grow the most profitable crops, or were forced to grow cash
crops instead of food.
 During
WWI, more than a million Africans served in the
trenches in Europe, with the hope that this would bring some
benefit, but in this, they were disappointed.
What isNationalism in Africa and
the Middle East cont.
Opposing Imperialism
Many Africans hoped that President Woodrow
Wilson’s dedication to self-determination would
include Africa, but if anything, conditions got worse.
In this environment, socialism found a ready
audience.
What isNationalism in Africa and
the Middle East Cont.
Racial Segregation and Nationalism in South Africa
Racial discrimination was perhaps worst in South
Africa,
where Native Africans were, by law, not allowed to
have certain jobs,
had to live in ghettos, needed passes to go
anywhere, and were forbidden to vote.
What isNationalism in Africa and
the Middle East Cont.
These
segregation laws collectively were called
Apartheid.
South Africa was also home to a growing African
rights movement, the African National Congress.
Though they had little real power, the ANC built a
framework for political action that would be crucial
in later years.
What is Nationalism and an “Africa
for Africans”
In the 1920’s, a movement known as Pan-Africanism began to
emphasize a message of Africa for Africans, and to resist colonial
rule.
Pan-African Congress Forges Ties
 In
1919, W.E.B. Dubois, a Harlem Renaissance writer, helped to
organize a Pan-African Congress in Paris, where the Allies were
debating the Paris Peace Conference.
 The
Pan-African Congress lobbied the Peace Conference to
formally include rights for Africans.
 While
this did not happen, it established cooperation between
African Nations.
What is Nationalism and an “Africa
for Africans”
The Negritude Movement Shows Pride
As
a part of changing attitudes, Africans began to
celebrate African heritage, looking at the ancient cultures
that have existed there, rejecting the negative stereotypes.
Egypt Gains Independence
Egypt,
unlike other African nations, was able to take
advantage of political sensitivities, and by resisting British
rule, managed to gain independence in 1922.
Turkey and Persia Modernize
Ataturk Sets Goals

Though the Ottoman Empire collapsed at the end of WWI, the Ottoman Turks
held the Turkish Peninsula, and fought to build a modern nation.

In 1920, the Ottoman Sultan signed the Treaty of Sevres, giving up their Arab
lands, as well as lands to Greece.

But when Greece tried to assert it’s claims, a Turkish nationalist, Mustafa Kemal,
overthrew the Sultan, and threw the Greeks out.

He took the name Ataturk, and commenced to pull Turkey, kicking and
screaming, into the modern age.
Turkey and Persia Modernize cont.
Westernization Transforms Turkey
 Ataturk
created a secular Turkey, encouraged industrial expansion, set up
factories, and brought in Westerners to help with the transition.

Some thought Ataturk’s decision to separate religion and state to be a
mistake, but many saw him as a hero.
Nationalism and Reform at work in Persia
 Ataturk’s
 In
reforms in Turkey inspired Persia to reform.
1925 an army officer, Reza Kahn, overthrew the Shah, and proceeded to
institute many reforms, including the secularization of Iran, forced people to
wear western clothing, built up industry, railroads, and even encouraged
women to participate in public life.
Arab Nationalism in the Middle East
WWI had shown the power of modern technology on the battlefield, and oil, largely
concentrated in the middle east, became important to the world powers.
Pan-Arabism Grows

Much like Africa, the Middle East began to experience a cultural resurgence, largely as a
response to foreign influence.

This was expressed as a shared heritage and language, a commonality of beliefs.
Betrayal at the Peace Conference

Arabs felt betrayed by the Paris peace conference, because they had aided the allies during
the war, especially against the Ottoman empire, and they had been led to believe that this
help would be rewarded with self determination.

The anger caused by this betrayal, as well as the continued interference by western powers,
has expressed itself in the form of revolts and terrorism.
Arab Nationalism in the Middle East
Promises in Palestine

(Zionist movement, France, Dreyfus Affair)

Promises to Arabs

Balfour Declaration (1917)
A Bitter Struggle Begins

As Jews and Muslims both immigrated to Palestine, conflicts started over land