CHAPTER 1
SECTION 2:
THE EUROPEAN WORLD
• DRIVEN BY A
DESIRE FOR
WEALTH & A
SENSE OF
DUTY TO
SPREAD THEIR
RELIGION
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
• AD 500- 1300 MEDIEVAL PERIOD
• EUROPEAN INVASIONS
–GERMAN FRANKS SETTLED
ACROSS EUROPE
–VIKINGS LOOTED & BURNED
VILLAGES
–MUSLIMS SOUGHT TO SPREAD
THEIR RELIGION
FEUDALISM
• POWERFUL NOBLE OR LORD
DIVIDED HIS LARGE
LANDHOLDINGS AMONG LESS
LORDS, WHO IN RETURN OWED
HIM MILITARY SERVICE & OTHER
SERVICES
• BASIS WAS THE MANOR (LARGE
ESTATE OF THE LORD)
• PEASANTS (SERFS) FARMED THE
LAND & GAVE THEIR LORD A
PORTION OF THE HARVEST IN
EXCHANGE FOR SHELTER &
PROTECTION
–FORBIDDEN TO LEAVE
• EUROPEAN FOREIGN TRADE DIED
OUT
MEDIEVAL RELIGION
• ROMAN CATHOLIC
• POPE HAD AUTHORITY OVER
EMPERORS & KINGS
• CLERGY PERFORMED RELIGIOUS
CEREMONIES, OWNED LARGE
PLOTS OF LAND & WERE LORDS
OF MANORS
• ONLY EDUCATED PEOPLE IN EUR.
• EVERY
CHRISTIAN WAS
EXPECTED TO
SHOW
UNQUESTIONING
OBEDIENCE TO
CHURCH
AUTHORITY
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
• NEW FARMING METHODS LED TO
MORE POPULATION &
COMPETITION FOR LAND
• NEW TRADE ROUTES TO ASIA
THE CRUSADES
• 1077- MUSLIMS SEIZED
JERUSALEM (PREVIOUSLY
SHARED)
• 1096-1291 CHURCH ORGANIZED A
SERIES OF MILITARY CAMPAIGNS
TO TAKE JERUSALEM BACK
(FAILED)
• IMPACT- INCREASED EUROPEAN
AWARENESS OF THE WORLD
BEYOND THEIR BORDERS &
ACCELERATED ECONOMIC
CHANGE
• CRUSADERS BROUGHT BACK
SPICES, PERFUMES, FABRICS
FROM ASIA
• 1271- MARCO POLO WENT TO CHINA
THE GROWTH OF CITIES
• MERCHANTS SOLD THEIR
FOREIGN GOODS AT FARES SET
UP ALONG WATER & TRADE
ROUTES
• GREW INTO CITIES & TOWNS IN
NORTHERN ITALY & FRANCE
• THREE EFFECTS
–CREATED A MIDDLE CLASS
–REVIVED A MONEY
ECONOMY
–CONTRIBUTED TO THE
EVENTUAL BREAKDOWN OF
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM
THE RISE OF MONARCHS
• ATTRACTED THE LOYALTY OF THE
MIDDLE CLASS BY PROTECTING
TRADE ROUTES & KEEPING THE
PEACE
• OFTEN LED TO CLASHES BETWEEN
KINGS OR NOBLES
• KING JOHN OF ENGLAND WAS
FORCED TO SIGN THE MAGNA CARTA
IN 1215 “GREAT CHARTER”
THE RISE OF UNIVERSITIES
• NEEDED PEOPLE TO RUN
GOVERNMENTS OR IN
CHURCH
• ANCIENT WRITINGS WERE
TRANSLATED INTO LATIN
THE “BLACK DEATH”
• 1300’S “THE PLAGUE”
• KILLED 1/3 OF EUROPE’S
POPULATION
• CARRIED BY FLEAS ON RATS
• CAUSED STARVATION, RIOTS, &
ECONOMIC COLLAPSE
• CAME A LOSS OF RELIGIOUS
FAITH, PEOPLE BEGAN DOUBTING
CHURCH TEACHINGS
THE RENAISSANCE
• “REBIRTH”
• ENORMOUS CREATIVITY & RAPID
CHANGE
• THE PURSUIT OF LEARNING
–QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE (ART,
LITERATURE, SCIENCE,
PHILOSOPHY, ECONOMICS, &
POLITICAL THOUGHT)
• MICHELANGELO, DA VINCI, &
SHAKESPEARE
• BROUGHT ORDER & UNITY TO
EUROPE
• BEGAN USING REASON &
EXPERIMENTATION TO
UNDERSTAND THE PHYSICAL
WORLD
CULTURAL CHANGES IN ITALY
• STUDIED THE ARTS
BECAME GENEROUS
SUPPORTERS OF THEM
A GOLDEN AGE
• EXPLORED THE PHYSICAL
WORLD & THE INDIVIDUAL
ROLE IN IT
–HUMANISM
THE PRINTING PRESS
• JOHANN GUTENBERG
–FIRST BOOK WAS THE
BIBLE
–COMMUNICATION
REVOLUTION
THE REFORMATION
• 1517- MARTIN LUTHER LED
THE REFORMATION
–DECLARED THE BIBLE WAS
THE TRUE AUTHORITY
• PROTESTANTS- PROTESTED
CATHOLIC AUTHORITY
THE RISE OF NATIONS
• GOVERNMENT BY LOCAL
NOBLES & THE CHURCH
DECLINED
• EUROPE THOUGHT OF
THEMSELVES AS MEMBERS
OF NATIONS
SEAFARING TECHNOLOGY
• COMPETITION FOR ASIAN
TRADE
• 1400- REACH BY LAND
• NEW TECHNOLOGYCOMPASS, ASTROLABE, &
QUADRANT
PORTUGAL TAKES TO THE SEAS
• 1418- PRINCE HENRY “THE
NAVIGATOR” ESTABLISHED A
MARINERS SCHOOLS
• DEVELOPED THE CARAVEL
• 1488- BARTHOLOMEU DIAS
SAILED AROUND THE SOUTHERN
TIP OF AFRICA “CAPE OF GOOD
HOPE”
• 1497- VASCO DA GAMA
SAILED TO INDIA
COMPETITION TO THE SEAS
• FERDINAND & ISABELLA OF SPAIN
–LAUNCHED THE INQUISITION
• GOAL WAS TO DISCOVER &
PUNISH JEWS & MUSLIMS WHO
WERE POSING AS CHRISTIANS
• 1492- ALL JEWS REFUSING TO
BE BAPTIZED WERE EXPELLED
FROM SPAIN
• GOALS
–SURPASS PORTGUAL IN
THE SEA RACE
–BRING CHRISTIANITY TO
NEW LANDS