REVIEW FOR TEST 2: Cytology
CHAPTER 6 -1406
THE CELL
CHAPTER 4, 16 – 1408
1. Define: microscopy, cell fractionation
2. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Distinguish between the nucleus and a nucleoid.
3. List advantages to a small cell size. Why are there upper and
lower limits?
4. The shape of the cell is related to its ____.
5. List the contributions of:
a. Robert Hooke
b. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
6. State the principles of the cell theory.
7. Determine if the following are found in eukaryotic &/or
prokaryotic cells. Describe their functions.
plasma membrane,
cell wall,
cytoplasm and cytosol,
ribosomes,
flagella,
pili ,
cilia,
SER and RER,
Golgi apparatus,
central vacuoles,
mitochondria,
chloroplast,
centrioles,
cytoskeleton,
nucleus,
lysosome
What four things do all cells have?
8. State the cell wall composition for:
a. prokaryotic cell wall =
b. eukaryotic plant cell wall =
9. What is the largest plant cell organelle? What is the largest
animal cell organelle?
10. List structures found in animal cells and not in plant cells. List
structures found in plant cells and not in animal cells.
11. Label and describe functions of mitochondria and
chloroplasts. The circular dsDNA is considered to be derived from
____ (audio notes).
Why are these two organelles considered endosymbionts (audio
notes)?
State the hypothesis concerning the prokaryotic origin of these
organelles (audio notes).
12. Describe the different components of the nucleus: nuclear
membrane, pores, nucleolus, ribosomes, genetic material.
13. What is the difference between chromatin and
chromosomes?
14. List the types of vacuoles.
16. Distinguish between the following plastids:
a. chromoplast
b. chloroplast
17. 17. List the function of the following cytoskeletal protein fibers:
a. microfilaments
b. microtubules
c. intermediate fibers
18. Describe the three basic bacterial cell shapes: (audio notes)
a. coccus
b. bacillus
c. spirillium
19. Gram staining divides bacteria into which two groups (audio
notes)?
Gram staining is based on a difference found in bacteria
concerning which cell structure?
20. Describe the structure and function of intercellular junctions:
a. animal cells
1. anchoring junction (desmosomes, adhering junction)
2. tight (organizing) junction
3. gap (communicating junction)
b. plant cells
1. plasmadesmata
CHAPTER 7 - 1406
MEMBRANE
CHAPTER 5 (part 1)- 1408
1. Define: simple diffusion, osmosis, crenation and hemolysis,
plasmolysis and turgor pressure, endocytosis, pinocytosis and
phagocytosis, exocytosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport,
cotransport, osmotic and hydrostatic pressure, osmometer
2. What portion of the phospholipid molecule is
a. polar and water-soluble
b. nonpolar and water-insoluble
3. Why is the plasma membrane described as a "Fluid Mosaic
Model"?
4. How do the phospholipid molecules form a bilayer
arrangement?
Because of the bilayer arrangment, what should and should not
cross the membrane?
5. What do the following plasma membrane components
contribute?
a. transmembrane proteins
b. receptors
c. markers
6. Describe the three osmotic situations and include RBC and
plant cells as examples.
a. hypertonic (hyperosmotic)
b. hypotonic (hypoosmotic)
c. isotonic (isosmotic)
7. Compare and contrast
a. simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion and active transport
8. Distinguish between integral and peripheral proteins.
10. Explain the purpose of the hybrid cell (mouse cell X human
cell experiment).
CHAPTER 8
METABOLISM
CHAPTER 5 (part 2)- 1408
1. Define: energy and metabolism, activation energy, entropy (S),
thermodynamics, calorie, enthalpy (H), exergonic and
endergonic, catalyst, reduced and oxidized, coupled reactions
2. If metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions, what are
catabolism and anabolism?
3. Distinguish between the two forms of energy:
a. kinetic
b. potential
4. Explain the two laws of thermodynamics
5. What is the unit of energy?
6. Distinguish between open and closed systems.
7. Know the chemical equation of the two Redox processes.
a. cellular respiration
b. photosynthesis
8. Describe the types of cellular work.
a. mechanical
b. transport
c. chemical
9. Most enzymes have the suffix -___.
10. Know how enzymes work.
11. List factors that influence enzyme activity?
What is the optimum pH and optimum temperature of most
human enzymes? What is the pH range and temperature range
for most human enzymes?
12. Describe the two effector types:
a. activators
b. inhibitors
1. competitive
2. noncompetitive
13. List two types of cofactors. List three examples of coenzymes.
14. How many ATPs are produced by oxidizing one NADH? One
FADH2?
15. Distinguish between positive and negative feedback.
16. What does the acronym ATP represent?
a. List the subunits of ATP.
b. Why is ATP so important?
c. ATP is converted to ADP : is this exergonic or endergonic?
ADP is converted to ATP : is this exergonic or endergonic?
d. How much energy is released in converting ATP to ADP; and
ADP to ATP?
17. Where is the concentration of energy found in ATP?
18. When using the Gibbs equation for free energy change, under
which circumstances will
a. delta G < O?
b. delta G > 0?