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ASSIGNED PAGES: 448-457
Workbook Chapter 14
Workbook Pages 448-458, 463-464,469-471, 473
Page 448
Details:
Found on page 495
Four Reasons: provides habitats, necessary for life, affects climate, used by people
for transportation, and recreation.
Explain: Found on Page 496
Function
Transport
Photosynthesis
Body temperature regulation
Water’s Role
Carries nutrients
Reacts with carbon dioxide and light
Changes to a gas from the skin
Describe: Found on Page 496
Water vapor and other gases in the air trap and reflect some of the Sun’s energy.
Without this, Earth’s average surface temperature would be below freezing.
Define: Found on page 497
Specific heat: the amount of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg
of material by 1 degree Celsius.
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Page 449
Complete:
Found on page 497
Water has a high specific heat.
Water vapor in the air regulates the rate at which temperature changes. Therefore,
temperatures changes gradually as the seasons change.
Large bodies of waters take a long time to change temperature. This provides a
stable temperature for aquatic organisms.
Types of Water
Salt Water
Freshwater
Identify
Found on page 498
Percent
97%
3%
Location
oceans
Glaciers, ice caps,
lakes, rivers, streams,
swamps, groundwater,
atmosphere
Recall
Found on page 499
+ thermal energy
+ thermal energy
- thermal energy
- Thermal energy
- thermal energy
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Page 450
Explain
Found on page 499
Particles at the water surface need less energy to break free from surrounding
particles. Thus, surface water can change to a gas or evaporate, below the boiling
point.
Identify
Found on page 500
1. The sun
2. gravity
Illustrate
Found on page 501
Connect It
It rains. Water is absorbed into the ground. A plant takes in water through its roots
and moves it to all parts of the plant. Water evaporates or transpires, from the
leaves of the plant back into the atmosphere. The water continues to be a part of the
water cycle.
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Page 451
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
List
Found on page 505
Water has a high specific heat
Water exists naturally as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth.
Water forms drops when it spills.
Some substances dissolve in water
Ice floats in water.
Draw
Found on page 506
Organize
Found on page 506
A condition in which opposite ends of a molecule have slightly opposite charges, but
the overall charge of the molecule is neutral.
The negatively charged oxygen atoms of one molecule attracts positively charged
hydrogen atoms of water molecules
This produces an attractive force between water molecules.
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Page 452
Sequence
Found on page 506
1. Positively charged sodium atoms are attracted to negatively charged oxygen
atoms of water.
2. Negatively charged chlorine atoms are attracted to the positively charged
hydrogen atoms.
3. Sodium chlorine breaks apart or dissolves.
Explain
Found on page 509
Cohesion: the attraction between molecules that are alike.
Adhesion: the attraction between molecules that are not alike.
Drawings
Found on page 509
Cohesion
Adhesion
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Page 453
Assess:
Found on page 508
1. True
2. False, greatest
3. True
Analyze
Found on page 509
Cause
In winter, the surface water of a pond
cools to 0 degrees Celsius.
Effect
The surface of the water freezes and
floats on top of the pond. The ice on top
insulates the water below. Aquatic
organisms can survive the cold of the
winter because the denser water below
the ice remains a liquid of 4 degrees
Celsius.
Analyze It
Found on page 453
In winter, surrounding air cools the surface of the water. When the temperature of the
water reaches 4 degrees Celsius, it sinks. It is replaced by warmer water, which rises to
the top and cools. Eventually, the surface water cools to 0 degrees Celsius and freezes.
The ice floats on the denser liquid water. This provides protective insulation for all
aquatic life in the water below, including the frog.
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Page 454
Analyze
Found on page 514
Water Quality
Biological Status
Chemical Status
Amount of oxygen and nutrients
type and number of organisms
Physical Status
amount of sediment
Organize:
Found on page 514
Natural
1. Seasonal changes
2. Weathering and erosion
Human
1. Pollution
2. Deforestation
Analyze:
Found on page 515
…such as drainpipes
………or smokestacks
Is called: point source pollution
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Page 455
Sequence
Found on page 515
1. Nonpoint pollution is pollution that cannot be traced to a specific location.
2. Runoff from large areas, such as lawns, roads, and urban areas, might flow into
rivers or streams and eventually reach water storage areas, such as a wetland,
groundwater, or the ocean.
3. Runoff might contain natural or human made pollutants, such as sediment,
fertilizers, or oil.
4. These pollutants can harm aquatic life and affect drinking water.
Identify
Found on page 516
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dissolved gases
Temperature
Acidity
Cloudiness
Health of aquatic organisms
Number of aquatic organisms


Sequence
Found on page 516
Fish have gills, which absorb oxygen from water.
Certain chemicals in water cause overgrowth of algae, which use up oxygen when
they die and decay.
If the oxygen level in the water is too low, fish might not be able to survive.

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Page 456
Explain
Found on page 516
As water temperature increases, the amount of oxygen that can dissolve in water
decreases. So there is less oxygen in warm water, than there is in cool water.
Example: Coral can be harmed by a temperature increase of 2 degree
Celsius.
Sequence:
Found on page 517
4, 2, 3, 1
Explain:
Found on page 517
Strong acids and bases can be harmful to aquatic organisms. Long term
changes in the acidity of the water can affect the entire ecosystem. Some
fish might not be able to survive. Some organisms might be able to
adapt to the acidity, but their food sources might not.
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Page 457




Organize
Found on page 517
As the amount of matter floating in water increases, turbidity or the measure of
cloudiness of water, increases, and the distance that light can penetrate into the
water decreases.
Affects photosynthetic organisms
Measured using a Secci disk
Caused by sediments, microscopic organisms and pollutants.
Identify
Found on page 518
1. Monitor changes in Earth’s water storage.
2. Compare water in the same area over time.
3. Make inferences about water quality.
Synthesize
The creek might be receiving runoff from a home with a fertilized lawn or the creek
might flow past a farm so that animal waste is part of the runoff. It might also flow past a
factory that is the source of point source pollution.
Page 458: Students should answer the questions or
summarize the chapter in 1 paragraph.
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Page 463
1. Hydrosphere
2. Evaporation
3. Polarity
4. Cohesion
5. Water quality
6. Bio indicator
7. Nitrates
8. Turbidity
9. Bio indicators
10. Condensation
11. Transpiration
12. Evaporation
13. Non-point source pollution
14. Polarity
15. Cohesion
16. Adhesion.
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Page 464
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. C
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Page 469
1. B
2. F
3. A
4. F
5. D
6. B
Page 470
7. D
8. I
9. A
Page 471
10.
Description:
Evaporation: water vapor cools to liquid in the atmosphere.
Precipitation: water changes from liquid to vapor on the surface of lakes,
rivers, and oceans. Land plants release (transpire) water vapor into the
atmosphere.
Runoff: Gravity causes liquid water (rain and melting ice and snow) on
Earth’s surface to run downhill.
Storage: Some precipitation sinks down into Earth’s surface as groundwater.
Most water is stored as ice in glaciers.
11.
Effects:
Acidity: water organisms might not survive high levels of acidity. Even if
organisms survive, their food sources might not.
Dissolved oxygen: fish and other organisms breathe dissolved oxygen in the
water. If the level is too low, fish might not survive.
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Nitrates: Nitrates are necessary for organisms such as algae to make food
through photosynthesis. High levels can case algal bloom, which can block
light for aquatic plants and deplete the oxygen in the water when they
decompose.
Temperature: An increase in temperature decreases the amount of oxygen
that can dissolve in the water. It can also result in the death of coral reefs.
Turbidity: If there is an increase in the amount of matter floating in the
water, there is increase of turbidity. These causes a decrease in the distance
that light penetrate into the water. As a result, organisms that need light for
photosynthesis are affected.
12. Humans sometimes use nitrate fertilizers on farms and lawns. Excess nitrates
are carried as runoff into ponds and streams, where they can cause algal
blooms. Algal bloom harms water quality. Humans harm water quality when
they plow farm fields or move soil in other ways that allow soil to be carried
away in runoff. When it enters streams and ponds, it can increase turbidity.
Increase water turbidity harms aquatic organisms that conduct
photosynthesis and can harm filter-feeding organisms.
Benchmark Mini Assessment
1. D
2. I
3. B
4. H
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Page 473
1. A
2. I
3. D
4. G
Page 475
1. B
2. F
3. C
4. F