Monitoring and Study
of Marine Pollution:
Activities at the IAEA - Marine
Environmental Studies Laboratory
Stephen de Mora
Marine Environmental Studies Laboratory (MESL)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Marine Environment Laboratory
4, Quai Antoine 1er
MONACO
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Monitoring and Study of Marine Pollution
• Introduction
– MEL and MESL
• Facilities and Capabilities
– 11 laboratories in MESL
• Supporting Regional Seas Programmes
• Research
• The Future
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
The only Marine Laboratory in the UN System
1961
1961 - Laboratory established in the
Oceanographic Museum
1988 -Temporary facilities in the Louis II
Football Stadium
1998 - Permanent facilities on the Port of
Monaco
1998
1988
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Marine Environment Laboratory
Organizational Chart
Hugh D. Livingston
DIRECTOR-NAML
Pavel P. Povinec
Head
RADIOMETRICS
LABORATORY
Scott W. Fowler
Head
RADIOECOLOGY
LABORATORY
Stephen J. de Mora
Head
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES LABORATORY
H1
Measurement and Assessment
of Radionuclides
in the Marine Environment
H2
Transfer of Radionuclides
in the Marine Environment
H3
Monitoring and Study
of Marine Pollution
Marine Environment
Marine
Environment Laboratory
Laboratory
Department of
Department
of Nuclear
Nuclear Sciences
Sciences and
and Applications
Applications
International Atomic
International
Atomic Energy
Energy Agency
Agency
Mission of MESL
Interactions between Environmental
Quality and Marine Resources
Environment
Resources
Effect of Non-nuclear Pollutants on the
Marine Environment
Safe and Sustainable use of Marine
Resources
People
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Marine Environmental Studies Laboratory
• MESL has expertise in:
– Marine analytical chemistry
– Marine pollution monitoring and assessment
– Chemical oceanography & marine biogeochemistry
• Within the IAEA:
– Laboratory responsible for the study of non-nuclear marine pollution
– Manages the H.3 subprogramme entitled Monitoring and Study of
Marine Pollution
• Within the UN System:
– MESL co-ordinates the Inter-agency Programme on Marine Pollution
– Interacts with various Regional Seas Programmes: MED POL,
ROPME, BSEP, CEP
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA H.3 Subprogramme: Projects
• Environmental Analytical Chemistry in Support of
Marine Pollution Monitoring Programmes
• Marine Pollution Assessment in Coastal Regions and
Bioresources, including support to UN Inter-Agency
Activities
• Nuclear Techniques in Studies of Marine
Antifoulants in Coastal Environments
• Isotopic Applications in Non-radioactive Marine
Contaminant Studies
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Ongoing Support to UN Inter-agency
Marine-Related Activities
UNEP
IAEA
IOC
Inter-agency Programme
on Marine Pollution
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Analysis of Inorganic Contaminants
• Inorganic pollutants includes heavy metals and organometallic species
such as methylmercury and tributyltin
• Instruments:
– aas (flame, cold vapour, hydride generation, graphite furnace)
– atomic fluorescence detectors for mercury analyses
– ICP-MS
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Analysis of Mercury and Methylmercury
• Determination of mercury and methylmercury
– water, sediments and biota
• Instruments:
– aas (cold vapour)
– atomic fluorescence
– AMA 254 Mercury Analyzer
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Isotopic Analyses using ICP-MS
Finnigan Element High Resolution ICP-MS
• Multi-element technique
• Isotopic analyses (uranium isotopes in tap water)
• High sensitivity sub-fg detection limits (U-234 is ~30 fg/mL in domestic water)
• High resolution for resolving problematic spectral interferences
• Speed most analyses require a scan of <2 minutes
intensity (cps)
1000000
100000
Uranium Isotopes in Tap Water
10000
1000
100
10
1
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
mass (amu)
intensity (cps)
100000
Separation of
Fe from ArO+
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
55.88
55.9
55.92
55.94
55.96
mass (amu)
55.98
56
56.02
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Analysis of Organic Contaminants
Organic contaminants analysed:
– petroleum hydrocarbons, including
PAHs
– pesticides (DDT, lindane, etc)
– other chlorinated contaminants, such
as PCBs
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Analysis of Organic Contaminants
Gas chromatographs with various
detectors: FID, ECD, NPD, FPD
GC-MS
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Isotopic Analyses using GC-C-IRMS
Variations of  13C in POC and biomarkers in
particulate matter vs [CO2] in sea water
 13C (‰)
-20
-24
C37:2
-28
•
Gas Chromatography-CombustionIsotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry is used
to measure the 13C in individual organic
components for:
–
–
–
source apportionment assessments
investigate carbon cycling and behaviour
reconstructing the atmospheric CO2
concentrations from the sedimentary record
as an indicator of global change
-32
-36
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
[CO2]aq (M)
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Supporting Regional Seas Programmes
• Technique development in marine analytical chemistry
• Formulation of reference methods and guidelines
• Intercomparison exercises
• Production of reference materials (RMs)
• Education and training in analytical techniques
• Capacity building
• Monitoring programmes
• Research activities
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies
• Formulation of reference methods
and guidelines
– Sanitary quality of coastal waters
– Analysis of chemical contaminants in
organisms, sea water and sediments
– Effects of pollutants on organisms and
ecosystems
• 56 reference methods and 2 technical
bulletins
• All are available in English, some
have been translated into French and /
or Spanish
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Large Scale Sample Preparation
Large-Sale sample preparation for
intercomparison exercises and the
production of reference materials
Homogeniser
Grinder
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Intercomparison Exercises
• Marine samples (sediment or biota)
are periodically distributed free of
charge
• Results are reported to MESL and
evaluated statistically
• Intercomparison exercises offer
analysts means to:
– Test analytical methods
– Control laboratory performance
– Assess accuracy of results
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Global Participation in Intercomparison
Exercises for Trace Metals
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Data Reporting in Intercomparison Exercises
245 laboratories world-wide
participated in IAEA-142.
84 labs provided organochlorine data
For these 84 labs:
– 25% of the results were outliers
– 50% fell outside the range of
acceptable precision
– only 11 identified the POPs
shown on the right.
Z-scores for pp' DDE
Z-scores
2
1
0
-1
-2
19 28 16 47 18 17 45 4 21 1 38 46 29 33 20 12 27 2 31 25 14 24 41 7 30 15 36 39 26 34 9 40 43 22
Laboratory code numbers
Z-scores for pp' DDD
Graphical presentation of z-scores
easily shows the relative performance
of laboratories (IAEA-408).
Z-scores
2
1
0
-1
21 47 19 34 18 46 28 25 45 31 36 29 20 44 4 17 14 1
9 39 22 27 24 16 15 26 43 7 41 30
Laboratory code numbers
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Reference Materials (RMs)
• RMs are vital for training
programmes, intercomparison
studies and for laboratories to
maintain their own Analytical
Quality Control procedures
• MESL is one of the few producers
worldwide of marine RMs
• MESL has produced >20 RMs
• a range of environmental matrices
(sediment & biota)
• certified with respect to various
organic and metallic pollutants
• MESL provides RMs free to
laboratories participating in
Regional Seas Programmes
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Some available Reference Materials
IAEA-140 Sea plant Trace metals, mercury and methylmercury,
chlorinated pesticides, petroleum
hydrocarbons
IAEA-142 Mussel
Mercury and methylmercury, chlorinated
pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons
IAEA-383 Sediment Chlorinated pesticides, petroleum
hydrocarbons and sterols
IAEA-405 Estuarine Trace metals, mercury and methylmercury
Sediment
IAEA-408 Estuarine Chlorinated pesticides and petroleum
Sediment hydrocarbons
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
REFERENCE MATERIAL IAEA-405
Trace Elements and Methylmercury in Estuarine Sediment:
Recommended Values (dry weight basis)
Element
Arsenic
Cadmium
Cobalt
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Mercury
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Nickel
Lead
Antimony
Selenium
Tin
Vanadium
Zinc
4
Me-Hg
Concentration
-1
(mg kg )
23.6
0.73
13.7
84
47.7
37400
0.81
72
12300
495
32.5
74.8
1.81
0.44
7.6
95
279
0.00549
1
95 % Confidence Interval
-1
(mg kg )
22.9 – 24.3
0.68 – 0.78
13.0 – 14.4
80 – 88
46.5 – 48.9
36700 – 38100
0.77 – 0.85
65 – 79
11400 – 13200
484 – 506
31.1 – 33.9
72.6 – 77.0
1.62 – 2.00
0.32 – 0.56
6.3 – 8.9
90 – 100
272 – 286
0.00496 – 0.00602
2
N
3
47
63
50
63
80
64
60
25
13
52
61
74
21
12
17
29
87
12
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Capacity Building
 Undertake quality assurance missions to regional laboratories
– assessment of infrastructure and training needs
– technical assistance to laboratories
 Provide advice to prioritise purchase and capacity building to
suit the regional targets set
 Arrange purchase of laboratories supplies
 Purchase instruments
 Install and maintain equipment
 Remote monitoring of instruments via modem
(troubleshooting, update method files)
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Education and Training in Analytical Techniques
• Training courses: run
regionally and in Monaco:
–
–
–
–
MED POL
Black Sea
Caspian Sea
ROPME
• Course subjects:
Visiting scientists and fellows
work in Monaco with access to
sophisticated instrumentation such
as ICP-MS and GC-C-IRMS
– sampling procedures
– analysis of heavy metals
– analysis of persistent organic
polutants
– use of nuclear and isotopic
techniques in pesticide
research
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Monitoring of Marine Contaminants
• Active collaboration with
laboratories in Member States
assisting with:
– Project design
– Sample collection and handling
– Analyses of contaminants (i.e. heavy
metals and persistent organic
pollutants)
– Organization of Quality Assurance
– Data interpretation
– Assessment of pollution
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Research at MESL
• Methodology development
– Organotin analyses
– Organophosphorus analyses
• Biogeochemistry
–
13C
biomarkers
– Mercury cycling
– Marine antifoulants (Organotins)
• Pollution Assessment Studies
– ROPME Sea Area
– Black Sea
– Caspian Sea
Rock oysters along the shore at
Masirah Island, Oman
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Analysis of Organotin Species 1
• Organotin Speciation Analyses in Marine Biota using NaBEt4 Ethylation
and GC-FPD
• Optimised to overcome the most common matrix effect problems
(especially colloidal interfaces) with biological samples
• A strict quality control system using three internal standards was
implemented
– Tripropyltin to assess the derivatisation reaction
– Tetraoctyltin to check the overall extraction efficiency
– Tetrabutyltin was used to verify the GC-FPD performance
• Successfully applied to different biological matrices
–
–
–
–
Fish
Mussels
Oysters
Barnacles
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Analysis of Organotin Species 2
Blank
Oyster Sample
Mussel RM BCR 477
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Analysis of Organotin Species 3
Measured and certified butyltin concentrations (mg kg-1 as
cation) in Certified Reference Materials BCR 477 (mussel tissue)
MBT
DBT
TBT
Sample N
1
1.0
1.5
2.3
2
1.4
1.3
2.6
3
1.4
1.4
2.7
4
1.3
1.3
2.4
5
1.3
1.7
2.0
Measured
1.27 ± 0.16
1.44 ± 0.18
2.39 ± 0.25
Certified
1.50 ± 0.28
1.54 ± 0.12
2.20 ± 0.19
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury
Mercury and methylmercury are
notable marine pollutants
•
Speciation analyses are necessary to
understand environmental mobility
and bioavailability
MeHg (pmole/g)
0
0
Studies have been undertaken in the
ROPME Sea Area, Black Sea, Laptev
Sea, and Adriatic Sea
0.5
1
0
C32
2
C20
2
4
Depth (cm)
•
Total and Methylmercury Profiles in
Sediment Cores of the Laptev Sea
4
Depth (cm)
•
6
8
6
8
10
10
12
12
14
14
0
1
2
3
Total-Hg (nmole/g)
4
0
1
2
3
Total-Hg (nmole/g)
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
4
IRGAROL-1051(ng L-1)
Research in the MED POL Programme
800
1992
1995
700
600
Marine biocides in waters from marinas
along the south of France
500
400
300
200
100
be
ac
Po
h
rt
Va
ub
C
an
an
ne
s
be
ac
h
co
An
tib
es
re
s
N
eg
he
m
ar
in
a
in
a
m
ar
nc
fra
Vi
lle
Be
a
ul
ie
u
m
ille
vi
e
Fo
nt
M
on
a
co
po
rt
ar
in
a
0
Total Butyltins (ng L )
1800
-1
1600
1400
1988
1995
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Fo
nt
v
ie
ille
Be
m
ar
au
in
lie
Vi
a
u
lle
m
fra
a
r in
nc
a
he
m
ar
in
a
N
ic
e
po
An
rt
tib
es
C
an
po
Sa
ne
rt
in
s
tR
C
ap
.p
or
ha
t
el
m
ar
in
a
0
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Field Studies in the ROPME Sea Area
• Countries within the ROPME Sea Area: Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates
• Contaminant Screening Project: surveys of contaminants in water,
sediments and biota for a suite of inorganic and organic pollutants.
• MESL undertakes a quality
assurance programme with
Member States in the region
involving:
– site visits
– training courses
– capacity building
– split sample analyses
– intercomparison exercises
Tar washing ashore at Mina Al Fahal, Oman
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Persian Gulf ‘Hot-Spots’ for As in Shellfish
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Saudi Arabia
Oyster
Clam
As (ppm)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bahrain
Pearl
Oyster
Rock
Scallops
As (ppm)
UAE
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Oman
Pearl
Oyster
Rock
Scallop
As (ppm)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Rock
Oyster
Mussel
As (ppm)
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Black Sea Environment Programme
Map showing the distribution of PAHs in marine
Marine Environment Laboratory
sediments from the Black Sea
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Caspian Environment Programme
•At Sea Training Programme
•Contaminant Screening Campaign
•Transboundary Diagnostics Analysis
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Analyses of Sediment Samples
•
•
•
•
•
•
Metals
Hydrocarbons
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Chlorinated Pesticides (lindane, DDT, etc.)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Other parameters
–
–
–
–
Grain size distribution
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
carbonate content
Extracted Organic Matter (EOM
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Tree Diagram: 25 elements @ 61 Stations
T
O
C
%
_
F
IN
E
S
A
L
F
E
V
Z
N
N
I
C
O
L
I
M
G
M
N
P
B
C
R
C
U
A
S
C
D
S
B
S
N
H
G
A
G
B
A
U
C
A
R
C
A
S
R
0
.0
0
.1
0
.2
0
.3
0
.4
0
.5
0
.6
0
.7
L
in
k
a
g
eD
is
ta
n
c
e
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
0
.8
Co & Pb versus Al in Sediments
35
Co µg/g
Pb µg/g
Linear (Pb µg/g)
Linear (Co µg/g)
30
Co & Pb ( g/g)
25
20
15
y = 0.0003x
2
R = 0.889
10
y = 0.0002x
R2 = 0.8671
5
0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
Al ( g/g)
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Nickel
• Ni displays very high levels in
sediments throughout the central
and southern Caspian Sea.
• NOAA ERL (21 mg g-1) was always
exceeded and the ERM (52 mg g-1)
values at several sites.
• The highest concentrations were
found near the mouth of the Kura
River, but the Ural River influence
is also evident.
• The elevated content reflects a high
natural background, but could be
augmented though mining activities.
Similar behaviour was apparent for
Cr and As.
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Mercury
• The mercury content is low
in the northern sector having
sediments that are relatively
coarse or composed mostly
of carbonates.
• Mercury concentrations are
high at a number of sites in
Azerbaijan, where Hg
content exceeds the NOAA
ERL value of 0.15 g g-1.
• In particular, the sediments
to the south of Baku Bay are
polluted.
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
• The concentrations of total
petroleum hydrocarbons range
from 29 to 1820 µg g-1 in
Azerbaijan, where generally the
highest amounts were found.
• Sediments from Turkmenistan
were not available.
• Compared to other global
locations, the levels of petroleum
hydrocarbons in the most
contaminated of these sediments
just south of Baku Bay are
relatively high.
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
160
UCM (µg/g)
Azerbaijan
1400
1200
UCM (µg/g)
140
UCM/R
120
UCM/n-alkanes
1000
100
800
80
600
60
400
40
200
20
I-4
-1
I-5
I-3
-1
I-6
BP
-3
IS
-4
-1
d
IS
-4
-1
b
BP
-2
BP
-1
H41
H51
H21
H23
G
-3
-1
G
-2
-1
G
-2
-2
IS
-3
-1
0
IS
-3
-2
IS
-3
-2
-1
0
Station
120
60
110
90
UCM (µg/g)
Iran
50
UCM/R
UCM/n-alkanes
40
70
60
30
50
40
20
30
20
10
10
D4
D5
Marine Environment Laboratory
Station
Department of Nuclear
Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
D3
D1
D6
D2
D9
0
D7
0
D8
UCM (µg/g)
80
UCM/R & UCM/n-alkanes
100
IS
51
IS
52
IS
5IS 3
52A
IS
53A
DP
-1
A
C2
C5
C4
C6
C7
C8
C2A
C3A
IS
63
IS
62
DP
-4
IS
73
IS
72
DP
-2
A
• Unresolved aliphatic
hydrocarbons are also
known as the unresolved
complex mixture (UCM).
• Concentrations of UCM
<10 µg g-1 are common in
coastal environments
distant from hydrocarbon
inputs.
• The levels in Azerbaijan
are generally quite high
and indicative of
pollution, especially near
Baku Bay.
1600
UCM/R & UCM/n-alkanes
Unresolved Complex
Mixture
Lindane in Sediments
• Lowest values were found in the
Iranian and Kazakhstan sectors.
• Several stations in the Russian
coastal zone had elevated levels.
• The maximum concentration
609 pg g-1, exceeded the ISQG
value of 320 pg g-1.
• As lindane degrades rapidly in
the environment, elevated levels
reflect ongoing usage.
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Endrin in Sediments
• Low levels were found in
Kazakhstan and Russia.
• Highest values were
observed in the coastal
zone of Azerbaijan (85
pg g-1) and Iran (81 pg g-1).
• Maximum concentrations
did not exceed the ISQG
value of 267 pg g-1.
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Total DDTs in
Caspian Sea Sediments
• NOAA ERL is 1600 pg g-1.
• Total DDT levels exceed this
quality standard at a number of
locations, especially in
Azerbaijan and Iran.
• The maximum value
(13400 pg g-1) shows a strong
signal from the Kura River.
• The lowest concentrations were
found in the North Caspian Sea,
particularly in the north-eastern
shallow area.
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Relative Contributions of DDT and
Degradation Products DDD & DDE
0
DDT and Degradation Products
10
90
20
80
70
40
60
50
60
%)
50
D(
DD
E
(%
)
30
DD
Azerbaijan
Iran
Kazakhstan
Russia
Turkmenistan
• Relatively high
proportions of
DDT indicate
recent influxes
and, by
implication,
ongoing DDT
usage throughout
the region.
100
40
70
30
80
20
90
10
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DDT (%)
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
The Future: New Priorities
• Strengthened co-ordination with national institutes and
regional organisations
• Broadening of activities in response to the changing needs of
UN bodies:
– Global Programme of Action for the protection of the
marine environment from land based activities
• Tracers to characterise sewage and ground water
discharges
– IMO regulations on the use of tributyltin (TBT) as a
marine antifoulant
• Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of
alternative marine biocides
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency
Thank You
Marine Environment Laboratory
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
International Atomic Energy Agency