Professor: 鍾榮富教授
Students : 陳昱璇 ．楊之耘． 楊玉玲
na0c0007 ．Na0c0014． na0c0017
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Gestures for [ ʃ, ʒ ]
- the front of the tongue is slightly domed
Retroflex is exactly equivalent to apical post-alveolar
Palato-alveolar is equivalent to laminal post-alveolar
Apical – sounds made with the tip of the tongue
Laminal - sounds made with the blade
In English – the palato-alveolar sounds are
the fricatives and affricates [ ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ ]
French, Italian - nasals made the same or similar position
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Made with the front of the tongue approaching
or touching the hard palate.
The only true palatal in English is / /.
The symbol for a voiceless palatal fricative is [ ]
(8) Velar
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Velar stops and nasals [k, g, ŋ ] occur in English.
Spanish [ɣ], a voiced velar approximant [ɰ ]
- the back of the tongue is called the dorsum
- these sounds are referred to as dorsal sounds
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Pulling the root of the tongue or the epiglottis
back toward the back wall of the pharynx
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Pharyngeal fricatives symbols [ħ, ʕ]
- occur in Semitic language, Arabic and Hebrew
- no distinguish between
pharyngeal and epiglottal fricatives
- Caucasus contrast these two possibilities
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Stops
Nasals
Fricatives
Trills, Taps, and Flaps
Laterals
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Voiceless nasals are comparatively rare
- [ ] voiceless diacritic symbol
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Occurs in the airstream during a fricative - [f] [s]
A way to divide by auditory basis
- voiceless fricative [ f, θ, s, ʃ ]
- voiced fricative [z, ʒ, v, ð ]
Sibilant sounds [ s, z, ʃ , ʒ ]
- acoustic energy, loudness, higher pitch
A way to divide by considering the plural
- sibilant and nonsibilant sounds
- cliff, moth, kiss, dish, church, dove, lathe,
maze, rouge, judge