￭對受害者的影響
Impact on the target
￭對目擊者的影響
Impact on witnesses
對受害者的影響
雖然一些霸凌行為比較頻繁地發生在工作場所和管
理上，他們對一個人的健康和行為產生負面影響
（米克爾森和Einarsen2002年）（Leymann1990），
尤其是當他們出現的時間在一段時間內。在職場霸
凌行為會增加受害者從物理傷害而產生心理壓力
（Hadikin和奧德里斯科爾2000年）。
Impact on the target
Although some bullying behaviours occur relatively frequently
within the workplace and aremanageable, they have the ability
to negatively affect a person’s health (Mikkelsen andEinarsen
2002) and ability to cope (Leymann 1990), especially when they
occur regularly overa period of time. The consequences of
bullying at work can range from physical harmthrough to an
increase in psychological stress for the recipient (Hadikin and
O’Driscoll2000)
爾森和Einarsen（2002 年)在一項研究發現職場上
霸凌嚴重影響個人，據80.5%的出席者顯示霸凌的影
響比其他生活中任何事件更不利，儘管報告事故、
離婚、喪親之痛的經驗和嚴重病症 (爾森和
Einarsen 2002 年）。
• In a study that demonstrates the severe impact that
workplace bullying can have on anindividual, Mikkelsen
and Einarsen (2002) found that 80.5 per cent of
participants reportedthat ‘no other event in their life
affected them more negatively than the bullying’. This was
despite the reporting of experiences such as accidents,
divorce, bereavement and serious illness (Mikkelsen and
Einarsen 2002).
此外，在一個獨特的研究到隱喻自我確定的
目標來形容自己的職場霸凌經驗，特蕾西，
Lutgen-目標山特維克和阿爾貝茨 (2006) 所
述的目標的脆弱性和退化的感受(例如，感到
像一個奴隸或孤立於其他國家的囚犯；退化
得像動物；或被當成一個孩子接受治療）。
• Furthermore, in a unique study into the metaphors
• that self-identified targets of workplace bullying use to
describe their experience, Tracy, Lutgen-Sandvik and Alberts
(2006) described targets’ feelings of vulnerability and
degradation(e.g. feeling like a slave or a prisoner isolated
from others; being degraded like an animal; orbeing treated
like a child)
事實上，個人經歷職場霸凌，影響可以是如
此普遍，他們可能會產生負面影響，不僅是
他們的工作能力運作，還包括生活以及其他
領域（2006年Keashly和哈維）。
• Indeed, for the individual experiencing workplace
bullying, theimpacts can be so pervasive that they
may negatively affect not only their ability to
functionat work but other areas of life as well
(Keashly and Harvey 2006).
職場霸淩對一個人的生活可以有廣泛的影響
的例子是在證明其連接的發生與壓力有關的
症狀（爾森和Einarsen2001），抑鬱症
（Niedhammer，大衛，Degioanni和143個職
業醫師2006 年）和創傷後壓力症候群（創傷
後精神緊張音響Bjorkqvist等1994
年;Matthiesen德黑蘭尼2002年Einarsen2004
年，2002 Tehrani2004年）。
• Examples of the wide-ranging impact that workplace
bullying can have on a person’s life is demonstrated in its
links to the occurrence of stress-related symptoms
(Mikkelsen andEinarsen 2001), depression (Niedhammer,
David, Degioanni and 143 occupational physicians2006)
and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Bjorkqvist et al.
1994; Matthiesenand Einarsen 2004, 2002 Tehrani 2004).
例如,研究者發現成為霸凌受害者會增加太過抑
鬱症狀的危險。進一步關注，研究人員發現，
118目標的工作場所有76%的顯示創傷後壓力症
候群症狀，其中有29%履行全面創傷後壓力症候
群症的診斷標準 (爾森和 Einarsen 2002 年）。
• For instance, researchers found that as exposure tobullying
increased so too did the risk of depressive symptoms
(Niedhammer et al. 2006). Of further concern, researchers
found that 76 per cent of 118 targets of workplace
bullyingdisplayed PTSD symptoms, with 29 per cent fulfilling
the full diagnostic criteria of PTSD(Mikkelsen and Einarsen
2002).
職場的霸淩行為也已經與其他心理相關聯如
企圖自殺 (O‘Moore et al.1998年) 的風險
較高的症狀和臨床的焦慮水準 (奎因 1999
年)。
• Workplace bullying has also been associated with
other psychologicalsymptoms such as a higher risk
of suicide attempts (O’Moore et al. 1998) and
clinicallevels of anxiety (Quine 1999).
最後，職場霸凌行為已連結到更大長期健康
風險增加與壓力有關的行為，如吸煙和飲酒、
過度飲食（奎因 1999 年；Savva和
Alexandrou 1998）。因此，在工作場所經歷
欺淩會對生理與心理健康產生嚴重與持久的
影響。
• Finally, workplace bullying has been linked to greaterlongterm health risks through an increase in stress-related
behaviours such as smoking,drinking, and excessive eating
(Quine 1999; Savva and Alexandrou 1998). Therefore,
bullying in the workplace can have severe and enduring
physical and psychological health consequences for those
who experience it.
對目擊者的影響
工作場所霸淩行為的複雜性，也可以在網路
上看到誰被吸入到事件欺淩。例如，報導稱
同事誰遇到工作場所欺凌，他們在那些方面
的工作場所欺凌影響。
• Impact on witnesses
• The complexity of workplace bullying can also be seen
in the web of who is drawn into incidents of bullying.
For example, co-workers of those who experience
workplace bullying have reported that workplace
bullying impacts on them in a number of ways.
在英國的研究761個公共部門工會會員中，
有73%的目擊職場上霸淩行為報告說，他
們的壓力水準增加，44%的受訪者擔心會
成為下一個目標（雷納 1999 年）。
• In a British study of 761 public sector trade union
members, 73 per cent of witnesses of workplace
bullying reported an increase in their stress levels,
and 44 per cent of respondents were concerned
about being the next target (Rayner 1999).
事實上發現，那些人目擊工作場所欺淩和暴
力行為可能會影響嚴重的實際的目標 (梅休
et al.2004年），包括員工的忠誠度和組織
的生產力(梅休等人 2004 年）。
• In fact, it was found that those who witness
workplace bullying and violence can be affected
almost as severely as the actual target (Mayhew et
al. 2004), which has vital implications for the loyalty
of staff and productivity of organisations (Mayhew
et al. 2004).
可以理解，這種恐懼氣氛，（雷納 1999）可能會增加
曠工（基維邁基、Elovainio 和 Vahtera 2000）可以
放到對那些仍額外的工作要求。降低工作士氣、增加
職場衝突和壓力產生直接後果就是職場霸凌是通過建
立在一個侮辱性的工作環境和文化（Einarsen 和爾森
2003年）。
• Understandably, such a climate of fear (Rayner 1999) could
flow on to an increase in absenteeism (Kivimaki, Elovainio and
Vahtera 2000) which could place additional work demands on
those who remain. Lowered work morale, increases in
workplace conflict, and stress generated as a direct
consequence of workplace bullying are also seen as impacting
on others’well-being through the creation of an abusive work
environment and culture (Einarsen and Mikkelsen 2003).
因此，職場的霸凌行為可以有直接、間接對那
些目擊者以及工作場所其他的人（他們不是直
接目標或目擊者），體驗文化的人更普遍，放
大組織上的備受打擊。你可能會這樣想，如果
你親眼目睹了同事被人欺負，你將如何反應;牢
記欺負時氣氛，會心生恐懼。
• Thus, workplace bullying can have direct and indirect
impacts on those who witness it, as well as others (who
are not direct targets or witnesses) within the workplace
who experience the culture more generally, magnifying
theimpact on the organisation.You might like to think of
how you would react if you witnessed a colleague of yours
being bullied;keeping in mind the climate of fear that can
be created when bullying occurs.