Climate Change and Sanitation
Naomi Radke, seecon international GmbH
Climate Change
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Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the opensource concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source
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Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or
supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox
will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation
and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and
the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with
respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Mitigation and Adaptation in Sanitation
3. Mitigation: Energy Production
4. Mitigation: Nutrient Recovery
5. Adaptation to Water Scarcity
6. Adaptation to Flooding
7. Emission Trading as an Additional Benefit
8. Conclusion
9. References
Climate Change
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1. Introduction
The Greenhouse Gas Effect
= presence of greenhouse gases lead to warming of the earth’s surface
Some radiation (sun heat)
passes the atmosphere
and reaches the earth’s
surface.
Source: http://envis.tropmet.res.in/kidscorner/greenhouse.htm
[Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere stop the
radiation to escape the
atmosphere so that the
warming on the earth’s
surface is intensified.
Human (=anthropogenic) activities  greenhouse gas emissions
Climate Change
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1. Introduction
Relevant Greenhouse Gases and Major Anthropogenic Sources
Source:http://www.21stcentech.com/
energy-update-keystone-dilemmadrop-co2-bucket-list/carbonemissions/
[Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Sources:
CH4
• fossil fuels
• enteric fermentation
• rice paddies
Source:http://www.billygoattavern.
com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/HiRes.jpg
[Accessed: 19.03.2013]
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CO2
Sources:
• fossil fuel combustion
• biomass combustion
(primarily deforestation)
N2O
Source:http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment
/2012/nov/28/amazon-deforestation-record-low
[Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Sources:
• cultivated soil
• biomass burning
Source:http://www.deere.com/wps/dcom/en_
US/products/equipment/frontier_implements/t
illage_equipment/tillage_equipment.page
[Accessed: 19.03.2013]
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1. Introduction
Environmental Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Effect
Rise in temperature 1.1-6.4°C by end of 21st century leading to:
• Change in rainfall patterns: increased risk of drought, fire and
floods
Source:
http://discoverhistorictra
vel.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/08/
new-orleans-flooding.jpg
[Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Source:
http://www.mymedicalaid.za.org/t
ag/drought/ [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
• Rising sea level and weakening of sea currents
• Further impacts are explained e.g. on The Nature Conservancy’s
website (http://www.nature.org)
Source:http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/globa
l-warming-climate-change/threats-impacts/rising-seas.xml
[Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Climate Change
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1. Introduction
Environmental Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Effect
The many changes in climate due to temperature rise (climate change)
threaten survival on the planet as they effect:
• food security (through droughts)
• shelter (through areas flooded in the future/droughts)
• health (through heat waves)
Climate Change
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1. Introduction
Prevention and Mitigation versus Adaption
Prevention and Mitigation:
Reduce climate change
by
Reducing greenhouse gas effect
by
Reducing greenhouse gases at its anthropogenic sources
Adaption:
Cope with climate change
by
Adapting yourself to the new environmental circumstances
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2. Mitigation and Adaptation in Sanitation
Sustainable Sanitation for Climate Change Mitigation
Sustainable sanitation = opportunities to mitigate climate change
Energy
production
Biogas
production
Biomass
production
 Reduces primary
energy consumption
(from non-renewable
sources)
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Nutrient
recovery
N-reuse
from urine
from
wastewater
 Avoids energyintensive production of
mineral fertiliser
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2. Mitigation and Adaptation in Sanitation
Sustainable Sanitation for Climate Change Adaptation
Sustainable sanitation = opportunities to adapt to climate change
water and
wastewater
management
adaptation to
water scarcity
adaptation to
flooding
 Reduces primary
water resources
demand
Climate Change
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3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Biogas Production
Biogas = a renewable energy
Production = bacteria decompose organic matter under anaerobic
conditions (= in the absence of oxygen) and turn it into biogas
Substrates that can be used for biogas
production:
• Blackwater (= mix of excreta and
flushing water)
• Organic waste from households or
agricultural farms
Anaerobic Biogas Reactor.
Source: TILLEY et al. (2008)
• Animal manure
• Sewage sludge from domestic
wastewater
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• Human excreta from dry toilets
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3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Biogas Production – Direct Use
Biogas is usually piped from the tank into a:
Biogas Cooking Stove
Biogas stove in kitchen, India.
Source: FULFARD (2008)
Biogas Lamp
Running a gas lamp from biogas, Vietnam.
Source: PBPO (2006)
Climate Change
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3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Biogas Production – Small-Scale
Generating electricity from biogas.
This requires converting chemical electricity to mechanical
electricity by a heat engine. The mechanical electricity then activates
a generator to produce electric power.
Usually, combustion engines are used as a heat engine. About half of
the thermal energy of a heat engine is lost and not converted into
electricity. A combined heat and power unit can take advantage of this
excess heat.
Combined Heat and Power
(CHP) unit “micro size” in
Germany. Source: SUSANA (2009)
Climate Change
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3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Biogas Production – Large-Scale
Large-scale biogas plants are almost
always combined plants (see small-scale:
electricity and heat) based on gas turbines
(more efficient but more expensive than
combustion engines).
Usually found in
district heating
systems of:
• big cities
• hospitals
• wastewater
treatment plants
• paper mills
• and more
Source: SCHALLER (2007)
Climate Change
Source: SCHALLER (2007)
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3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Biomass Production
Biomass = a non-fossil energy source which is neither always harmful
nor always neutral to climate
Renewable biomass:
• Wood (in case harvest ≤ growth)
Food vs. biomass conflict
• Other wooden biomass (provided cultivated area remains constant)
• Animal or human manure
• Aolid organic waste (domestic or industrial)
Climate Change
Source: http://www.solarpowernotes.com/renewableenergy/biomass-energy/biomass-energy.html [Accessed:
19.03.2013]
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3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Both biogas and biomass as an energy source are emission neutral:
Emissions through combustion = previous uptake of greenhouse gases
Example: a growing tree sequesters carbon while growing. The
accumulated carbon in tree biomass will be emitted when tree is
burned for energy generation.
CO2
CO2
 Emission reductions as primary energy from fossil fuel is substituted
by emission neutral energy sources
Climate Change
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4. Mitigation: Nutrient Recovery
Nutrient Recovery from Urine
Nitrogen (N-)fertiliser requires the most
energy for artificial production (compared
to other mineral fertilisers (P and K))
 Focus on N-fertiliser with regard to
mitigating climate-relevant effects
87% of the excreted nitrogen is in urine
 Focus on urine recovery and reuse most
efficient means of emission reductions
through nutrient recovery
Urine application in agriculture as
seen in Burkina Faso. Source: FALL (2009)
Climate Change
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4. Mitigation: Nutrient Recovery
Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Production of artificial Nitrogen fertiliser is very energy-intensive by
the Haber-Bosch process.
Source: https://news.slac.stanford.edu/features/phrase-week-haber-bosch-process
Recycling nitrogen from urine reduces the demand for primary nitrogen
fertiliser and thus the emissions that are attached to its energyintensive production.
Climate Change
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5. Adaptation to Water Scarcity
Measures in Sanitation to Cope with Water Scarcity
Among others:
• Appropriately treated wastewater or rainwater reused for irrigation
(wastewater use also reduces need for mineral fertiliser)
• Use dry toilet systems
• Increase cultivation of drought-resistant crops
• Reduce physical water losses through repairing leaking pipes
Garden irrigated with
treated blackwater in Peru.
Source: SUSANA (2009)
Climate Change
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6. Adaptation to Flooding
Measures in Sanitation to Cope with Water Scarcity
Building sanitation system components in a way that they are:
• Not affected by flooding
urine-diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) built high enough above
ground
• Water can evacuate quickly
sludge drying beds
constructed wetlands
Planted drying bed. Source: TILLEY et al. (2008)
Climate Change
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7. Emission Trading as an Additional Benefit
The Clean Development Mechanism
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), initiated by the Kyoto
Protocol, compensates emission reduction efforts in development
countries. The generated carbon credits are traded in a carbon market.
Applicable for reductions achieved through sustainable sanitation
systems
Yet, CDM projects generate high fixed costs, thus a minimum project
scale is required to make CDM compensation economically viable.
Carbon credits arise from emission
reduction through CDM projects and
industry can compensate their excess
emissions through buying carbon
credits.
Source:http://www.climateavenue.com/cdm.carbon.cred.index.htm
Climate Change
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8. Conclusion
Sustainable Sanitation and Climate Change Mitigation+ Adaptation
Sustainable
sanitation
projects
Mitigation
Energy
production
Biogas
production
Biomass
production
Adaptation
Nutrient
recovery
Adaptation to
water scarcity
Adaptation to
flooding
Urine as
fertiliser
 Most of these measures lead to reductions in greenhouse
gas emissions
 If emission reductions achieved in development countries,
they could be financially compensated through the creation
of carbon credits within the Clean Development Mechanism
Climate Change
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9. References
FALL (2009): Urban Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets and Reuse Ouagadougou Burkina Faso - Draft. Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
(SuSanA). Available at: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-armenia-hayanist-school.pdf [Accessed:
19.03.2013]
FULFARD, D. (1996): Biogas Stove Design. A short course. Kingdom Bioenergy Ltd.; University of Reading.
PBPO (Editor) (2006): Support Project to the Biogas Programme for the Animal Husbandry Sector in some Provinces of Vietnam. Hanoi: Provincial
Biogas Project Office Hanoi. Available at: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/a-material-topic-wg/wg03/Biogas/bpo2006-report-biogas-programme-vietnam-en.pdf [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
SCHALLER, M. (2007): Biogas electricity production hits 17,272GWh a year in Europe. In: Engineer Live, 46-49. Available at:
http://www.engineerlive.com/Energy-Solutions/Waste-to-Energy/Biogas_electricity_production_hits_17_272GWh_a_year_in_Europe_/20788/
[Accessed: 19.03.2013]
SUSANA (Editor) (2009): Links between Sanitation, Climate Change and Renewable Energies. Eschborn. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA).
Available at: http://www.susana.org/lang-en/working-groups/wg03 [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
TILLEY, E.; LUETHI, C.; MOREL, A.; ZURBRUEGG, C.; SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf and
Geneva: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). Available at:
http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/index [Accessed: 15.02.2010]
WIKIPEDIA (2013): Haber Process. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Climate Change
“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation,
Water Management & Agriculture”
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supported by:
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by:
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