A Tour of the Cell
 Categories of Cells
 Features of Eukaryotic Cells
o Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
 Energy
o
Converting Organelles
Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
 Cytoskeleton
o
Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
Structure Dictates Function, Even at the Cellular Level
Erythrocytes
Fibroblasts
Epithelial cells
(a) Cells that connect body parts,
form linings, or transport gases
Skeletal
Muscle
cell
Smooth
muscle cells
(b) Cells that move organs and
body parts
Macrophage
Fat cell
(c) Cell that stores (d) Cell that
nutrients
fights disease
Nerve cell
(e) Cell that gathers information
and control body functions
(f) Cell of reproduction
Sperm
Why Are Cells So Small?
Cell remain small because they cannot efficiently import nutrients or
export waste materials across their membranes when they get too large.
The Two Major Categories of Cells
• The countless cells on
earth fall into two
categories:
– Prokaryotic cells, such
as bacteria
– Eukaryotic cells, such
as protist, fungal, plant,
or animal cells
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
A Tour of the Cell
 Categories of Cells
 Features of Eukaryotic Cells
o Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
 Energy
o
Converting Organelles
Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
 Cytoskeleton
o
Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
A Tour of the Cell
 Categories of Cells
 Features of Eukaryotic Cells
o Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
 Energy
o
Converting Organelles
Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
 Cytoskeleton
o
Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
Anatomy of a Eukaryotic (Animal) Cell
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondrion
Cytosol
Lysosome
Centrioles
Centrosome
matrix
Cytoskeletal
elements
• Microtubule
• Intermediate
filaments
Plasma
membrane
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Secretion being
released from cell
by exocytosis
Peroxisome
A Tour of the Cell
 Categories of Cells
 Features of Prokaryotic Cells
 Features of Eukaryotic Cells
o Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
 Energy
o
Converting Organelles
Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
 Cytoskeleton
o
Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
Cell (Plasma) Membrane and Internal Membranes
•
The plasma membrane separates the living cell from its nonliving
surroundings and regulates molecular traffic
Animal cells have an extracellular matrix outside of their cells that
hold them together in tissues and protects and supports them.
A Tour of the Cell
 Categories of Cells
 Features of Prokaryotic Cells
 Features of Eukaryotic Cells
o Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
 Energy
o
Converting Organelles
Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
 Cytoskeleton
o
Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
Focus on the Nucleus and Ribosomes
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondrion
Cytosol
Lysosome
Centrioles
Centrosome
matrix
Cytoskeletal
elements
• Microtubule
• Intermediate
filaments
Plasma
membrane
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Secretion being
released from cell
by exocytosis
Peroxisome
The Nucleus: Information Storage and Control of the Cell
• The nucleus is
the library of
the cell.
• Chromosomes
(books) within
the nucleus
store instructions on how
to run the cell
Ribosomes Make Proteins Using Genetic Instructions
Copy of instructions
from the nucleus
A Tour of the Cell
 Categories of Cells
 Features of Prokaryotic Cells
 Features of Eukaryotic Cells
o Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
 Energy
o
Converting Organelles
Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
 Cytoskeleton
o
Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
•
A protein synthesis site for
exported proteins on the rough
ER; acts as a “worktable” for
ribosomes
•
A routing system for delivery
of proteins (subway system)
•
A lipid synthesis factory in
the smooth ER, including
phospholipids for cell
membrane
• Variations of endoplasmic
reticulum include sarcoplasmic
reticulum in muscles cells (to
store Ca+2) and Nissl bodies
(rough ER) in neurons.