Orientation to the Human Body
 Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
 Levels of Organization in A & P
 Organ Systems and Necessary Life
Functions
 Homeostasis
 Anatomical Position
 Body Planes and Sections
 Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen
Defininitions
 Anatomy
• The study of the
structure and shape
of the body and its parts
 Physiology
• The study of how the body
and its parts work or function
Levels of Structural Organization
3. Organelle
2. Molecular
4. Cellular
1. Atomic
5. Tissue
8. Whole
organism
6. Organ
7. Organ system
Orientation to the Human Body
 Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
 Levels of Organization in A & P
 Organ Systems and Necessary Life
Functions
 Homeostasis
 Anatomical Position
 Body Planes and Sections
 Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen
Organ System Overview
 Integumentary (Skin)
• Forms the external body
covering
• Protects deeper tissue from
injury (heat, sunlight,
chemicals) and infection
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
• Waterproof, keeps insides wet
Organ System Overview
 Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs (e.g. the brain)
• Provides muscle
attachment (anchoring
framework)for movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals (e.g.
calcium)
Organ System Overview
 Muscular
• Allows for locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Provides for some organ
functions
• Produces heat
• Necessary Life function:
movement
Organ System Overview
 Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system, focused, and
transient signaling
• Responds to internal and
external change
• Activates muscles and
glands
• Necessary Life function:
Ability to sense changes and
react (responsiveness)
Organ System Overview
 Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
 Growth
 Reproduction
 Metabolism
• Slower, longer lasting, and
broader signaling
• Necessary life function:
ability to react (responsiveness)
Organ Systems
 Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart
 Oxygen
 Carbon dioxide
 Nutrients
 Wastes
• Certain blood cells defend the
body from microbes
• Necessary Life function:
delivery of nutrients
Organ Systems
 Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
(body defense)
Organ Systems
 Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied
with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
• Regulates the pH of the
blood
• Gas exchange system
Organ Systems
 Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material
• Necessary Life
function: break-down
of nutrients
Figure 1.2i
Organ Systems
 Urinary (Excretory)
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulates water and
electrolytes
• Necessary life function:
elimination of waste
from metabolic reactions
Figure 1.2j
Organ Systems
 Reproductive
• Production
of offspring
• Necessary
Life Function:
Making more
individuals
Figure 1.2k
Other Necessary Life Processes and Functions
 Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body
(performed by all cells)
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
 Growth (performed by most cells)
• Increasing of cell size and number
Orientation to the Human Body
 Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
 Levels of Organization in A & P
 Organ Systems and Necessary Life
Functions
 Homeostasis
 Anatomical Position
 Body Planes and Sections
 Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen
Homeostasis
 Maintenance of a stable internal environment
= a dynamic state of equilibrium
Feedback Mechanisms
 Example of Negative feedback
2. RECEPTOR and
6. In response to high blood
glucose, this system delivers
Low blood FEEDBACK
glucose
NEGATIVE
Feedback Mechanisms
 Examples of Positive feedback
Increasing levels of estrodiol (estrogen)
and progesterone from ovary increase
signal chemical output (LH and FSH)
Suckling and baby’s cries
further increase the “let down”
of milk from the mammary
glands
Orientation to the Human Body
 Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
 Levels of Organization in A & P
 Organ Systems and Necessary Life
Functions
 Homeostasis
 Anatomical Position and Language
 Body Planes and Sections
 Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen
The Language of Anatomy
 Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
 Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
Distal
Far from the point of
attachment, at a “distance”
.
The wrist is distal to the elbow
Superficial
Towards the surface or outer layer
The nipple is superficial to the
milk-producing glands
Deep
Away from the surface, inner layer
The heart is deep to the
breastbone
What are the adjectives that refer to these parts of the body?
Orientation to the Human Body
 Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
 Levels of Organization in A & P
 Organ Systems and Necessary Life
Functions
 Homeostasis
 Anatomical Position
 Body Planes and Sections
 Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen
Body Planes
(a) Sagittal (longitudinal); If down midline is midsagittal or medial
Cavities of the Human Body
Two
subcavities in
dorsal
(posterior)
Two-three
subcavities in
ventral
(anterior)
What are the Quadrants and the 8 Divisions of the Anterior Abdomen?
Summary
 Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
 Levels of Organization in A & P
 Organ Systems and Necessary Life
Functions
 Homeostasis
 Anatomical Position
 Body Planes and Sections
 Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen