Unit 1
Levels of Organization
Characteristics of Life
Requirements of Organisms
Homeostasis
Relative Positions
Body Sections
Body Region Adjectives
Levels of Organization
(small to large)
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Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
(ex) proton
(ex) hydrogen atom
(ex) water molecule
(ex) DNA
(ex) nucleus
(ex) muscle cell
(ex) connective tissue
(ex) heart
(ex) digestive system
(ex) human
Definitions
• Anatomy – “a cutting up” in Greek. Examines
structures of body parts and their forms and
organization.
(ex) Geography is to countries/cities/structures of
the Earth as Anatomy is to structures of the body.
History of Anatomical Terminology
• About 90% of today’s medical terminology are
formed primarily from about 1,200 Greek and
Latin roots.
• The ancient Greeks and Romans coined many
of the words still used in human anatomy
today: duodenum, uterus, prostate,
cerebellum, diaphragm, sacrum, amnion, and
others.
Definitions, cont.
• Physiology – “relationship to nature” in Greek.
Looks at functions of body parts; what they do
and how they do it.
***genetics has unlocked many mysteries
physiology.
– physical and chemical events that obtain, release,
and use energy in cells are called metabolic
events.
– Metabolism – all of the chemical rxns in cells.
Characteristics of Life
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Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
•Circulation
•Assimilation
•Excretion
Requirements of Organisms
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Food
Water
Heat
Pressure
Oxygen
“Flying Whales Hate Purple Oysters”
Organ Systems
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Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
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Lymphatic
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
Homeostasis
= the body’s maintenance of a stable internal
environment.
*requires most of our metabolic energy.
Homeostatic mechanisms all have:
1. receptors
2. control center/set point
3. effectors
(ex) negative feedback
(ex) air conditioning/thermostat
Anatomical Position
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Standing tall
Facing forward
Arms at side
Palms forward
Relative Positions
Position:
• Superior
• Anterior
• Medial
• Proximal
• Superficial
Opposite:
• Inferior
• Posterior
• Lateral
• Distal
• Deep
Others:
•Bilateral (lungs)
•Contralateral (opposite side, right leg brake = more weight on left leg)
•Ipsilateral (lung and kidney on the same side)
Body Sections
1.Sagittal
2.Transverse
3.Coronal
Body Region Adjectives
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Abdominal
Acromial
Antebrachial
Antecubital
Axiallary
Brachial
Buccal
Carpal
Celiac
Cephalic
Cervical
Costal
Coxal
crural
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Cubital
Digital
Dorsum
Femoral
Frontal
Genital
Gluteal
Inguinal
Lumbar
Mammory
Mental
Nasal
Occipital
oral
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Orbital
Otic
Palmar
Patellar
Pectoral
Perineal
Plantar
Popliteal
Sacral
Sternal
Sural
Tarsal
Umbilical
vertebral