Orientation of the Human Body
What is Anatomy?
-Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape
of the body, its parts and their relationship to one
another.
tomy = to cut
ana = apart
What is Physiology?
-Physiology is the study of how the body and its
parts work or function.
physio = nature ology = the study of
Levels of Organization
Atoms
organelle
organ system
cells
organism
tissue
organ
Organ Systems
Integumentary - external coverings
Skeletal - bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints
Nervous - brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
Endocrine - controls body activities and hormones
Cardiovascular - heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic - lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
Respiratory - nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, lungs, etc
Digestive - oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, etc
Urinary - kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Reproductive - scrotum, penis, ovary, eggs, ova, uterus etc
Muscular - muscles
Life Functions
1. Responsiveness
2. Secretion
3. Conductivity
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth
9. Respiration
10. Absorption
11. Circulation
Survival Needs
-Nutrients
-Oxygen
-Water
-A maintained body temp
-Atmospheric Pressure
-Hydrostatic pressure : pressure of fluids
Major Body Cavities
Abdominal Regions
4 Abdomen quadrants
R & L halves
(lateral)
Superior & Inferior
(top)
(bottom)
Anterior & Posterior
(front)
(back)
Homeostasis
-The body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal
environment
homeo = unchanging
stasis = standing still
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
-Most control is accomplished through the nervous
and endocrine systems (p24 Fig1-14)
Variable - factor or event being regulated
1. Stimulus detected by a sensor or receptor
2. Sensation is sent along afferent neurons to the …
3. Control center and it determines the appropriate response
4. Control center sends its response to an effector muscle
or gland and returns variable back to homeostasis.
Negative feedback – inhibitory, oppose a change
*stabilizers, try to shut off or reduce initial stimulus
Positive feedback – stimulatory, tend to amplify or
accelerate a change
Things to look at in your textbook and on
your worksheets…...
•Anatomical Positions
-Standing erect with palms facing forward
•Orientation and Directional Terms
•Regional Terms
•Body Planes and Sections
•Body Types and Diseases
•Clinical Applications (Box sets)