Chapter 24. Nuclear Reactions and Their Applications
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24.1Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Stability
o Chemical vs. Nuclear Change
o Components of the Nucleus
o Types of Radioactive Emissions
o Modes of Radioactive Decay; Nuclear Equations
o Nuclear Stability and Mode of Decay
24.2The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
o Detection and Measurement of Radioactivity
o Rate of Radioactive Decay
o Radioisotopic Dating
24.3Nuclear Transmutation: Induced Changes in Nuclei
o Early Transmutation Experiments; Nuclear Shorthand Notation
o Particle Accelerators
24.4Ionization: Effects of Nuclear Radiation on Matter
o Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Living Tissue
o Background Sources of Ionizing Radiation
o Assessing the Risk from Ionizing Radiation
24.5Applications of Radioisotopes
o Radioactive Tracers
o Additional Applications of Ionizing Radiation
24.6The Interconversion of Mass and Energy
o Mass Difference Between a Nucleus and Its Nucleons
o Nuclear Binding Energy and Binding Energy per Nucleon
24.7Applications of Fission and Fusion
o Nuclear Fission
o Nuclear Fusion
Concepts and Skills to Review Before You Study This Chapter
1.
discovery of the atomic nucleus (Section 2.4)
2.
protons, neutrons, mass number, and the
3.
half-life and first-order reaction rate (Section 16.4)
For 1st order reactions : Rate = k [R] (A=kN)
Rate of decay :
notation (Section 2.5)
ln[R]t = -kt + ln[R]o
half life = 0.693 / k
Becquerel = Bq = 1 disintegration / sec
Curie = 1 Ci =3.7x1010 Bq
Radiation units :
Gray = 1Gy = 1J/kg = 100 Rad (Radiation Absorbed Dose)
Sievert = 1 Sv = 1Gy x QF (quality factor) = 100 Rem (Roentgen Equivalent Man)
QF : 1 for electrons, positrons, x-rays, 3 to 10 for neutrons, protons, 20 for alpha
1 eV = 1V x 1.602 176 53 × 10−19 C = 1.602 176 53 × 10−19 J
1 amu = 931.5 x 106 eV = 931.5 MeV
1.
Write the equation
a)
b) alpha decay of
?
c) electron capture by the
nucleus?
d) nuclear transmutation,
2. The isotope
has a half-life of 21 hours. If a sample initially contains exactly 10000 atoms of
approximately how many of these atoms will remain after one week?
3. A 7.85 × 10-5 mol sample of copper-61 emits 1.47 × 1019 positrons in 90.0 minutes. What is the decay
constant for copper-61?
4. Palladium-107 undergoes β decay (t1/2 = 6.5 × 105 yr) to form silver-107. How long will it take for 0.150 mol
of silver-107 to form from 1.25 mol of palladium-107?
5. The molar nuclear mass of C-14 is 14.003241 g/mol. The molar mass of a proton is 1.007825 g/mol. The
molar mass of a neutron is 1.008665 g/mol. Calculate the binding energy (in J/mol) of C-14.
,
6. A certain isotope has a specific activity of 7.29 × 10-4 Ci/g. How many alpha particles will a 75.0 mg sample
emit in one hour?