English 101: Terms and Background for “A Modest Proposal”
Horatian Satire: As you might guess, from the name, this kind of satire is named after the Roman
satirist Horace. This is a gentle kind of satire, using light-hearted humor to expose folly. The
Simpsons would be a modern example.
Irony: Definition from A Handbook to Literature:
A broad term referring to the recognition of a reality different from the masking appearance.
Verbal irony is a figure of speech in which the actual intent is expressed in words which carry
the opposite meaning. Irony is likely to be confused with sarcasm, but it differs from sarcasm
in that it is usually lighter, less harsh in its wording though in effect probably more cutting
because of its indirectness. (Holman, Hugh C. A Handbook to Literature. 4th ed. Indianapolis:
Bobbs-Merrill, 1980.)
Juvenalian Satire: Named after the Roman satirist, Juvenal. This is a stronger, more scornful and
outraged form of satire. You might think of Jon Stewart’s Daily Show as a modern example. “A
Modest Proposal” is considered Juvenalian satire.
Satire: Definition from A Handbook to Literature:
A literary manner which blends a critical attitude with humor and wit for the purpose of
improving human institutions or humanity. True satirists are conscious of the frailty of
institutions of human devising and attempt through laughter not so much to tear them down as
to inspire a remodeling. (Holman, Hugh C. A Handbook to Literature. 4th ed. Indianapolis:
Bobbs-Merrill, 1980.)
Advice for reading “A Modest Proposal”
Distinguish between two voices: The voice of Swift, and the voice of his persona, the Proposer.
Where do you think Swift comes through?
Notice the essay structure: See how it compares to the general requirements below:
 A vivid opening introduces the problem
 The opening leads to a statement of the thesis.
 The thesis is explored in all its ramifications—all aspects of the solution are discussed and
explained.
 There’s a “clean narrative line,” with clear transitions and signpost words.
 The essay introduces counterarguments and meets each one.
 Toward the end, Swift sums up the benefits of the proposal.
 The essay ends with little twist of emotional impact.
Remember that Swift is using irony throughout: He’s saying the opposite of what he means. In
order to prove that the Irish should not be treated as animals, Swift describes them in animal terms:
“breeders,” “dam” (388).392) In order to say that the English should stop using up (“eating”) the Irish
and their resources, Swift proposes that the Irish be eaten. In order to highlight the problem that so
many poor are dying and diseased, and lack work, he says this is no problem—hey, they’ll die faster
and be out of the way: “and thus the country and themselves are happily delivered from the evils to
come” (392).