Chapter 12
The Laws of Thermodynamics
Principles of Thermodynamics
 Energy is conserved
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Examples: Engines (Internal -> Mechanical)
Friction (Mechanical -> Internal)
 All processes must increase entropy
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Entropy is measure of disorder
Engines can not be 100% efficient
Converting Internal Energy to Mechanical
U  Q  PV
Work done by expansion
W  Fx, F  PA, x  V / A
W  PV
Example 12.1
A cylinder of radius 5 cm is kept at pressure with a
piston of mass 75 kg.
a) What is the pressure inside the cylinder?
1.950x105 Pa
b) If the gas expands such that the
cylinder rises 12.0 cm, what work was
done by the gas?
183.8 J
c) What amount of the work went into
changing the gravitational PE of the
piston?
88.3 J
d) Where did the rest of the work go?
Compressing the outside air
Example 12.2
A massive copper piston traps an ideal
gas as shown to the right. The piston is
allowed to freely slide up and down and
equilibrate with the outside air.
Choose T or F.
A. The pressure is higher inside the
cylinder than outside. T
B. The temperature inside the cylinder
is higher than outside the cylinder.
F
C. If the gas is heated by applying a
flame to cylinder, and the piston comes to a new
equilibrium, the inside pressure will have increased.
F
Some Vocabulary
P
Isobaric
V
o P = constant
Isovolumetric
P
V
o V = constant
Isothermal
o T = constant
Adiabatic
o Q=0
P
P
V
V
Example 12.3
Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P
A massive piston traps an amount of
Helium gas as shown. The piston freely
slides up and down.
The system initially equilibrates at
room temperature (a)
Weight is slowly added to the piston,
isothermally compressing the gas to
half its original volume (b)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
P b ( > < = ) Pa
Tb ( > < = ) Ta
Wab ( > < = ) 0
Ub ( > < = ) Ua
Qab ( > < = ) 0
U  Q  PV
W  PV
Vocabulary: Wab is work done by gas between a and b
Qab is heat added to gas between a and b
Example 12.4
Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P
A massive piston traps an amount of
Helium gas as shown. The piston freely
slides up and down.
The system initially equilibrates at
room temperature (a)
Weight is slowly added to the piston,
adiabatically compressing the gas to
half its original volume (b)
A. Pb ( > < = ) Pa
B. Wab ( > < = ) 0
C. Qab ( > < = ) 0
U  Q  PV
D. Ub ( > < = ) Ua
W  PV
E. Tb ( > < = ) Ta
Vocabulary: Wab is work done by gas between a and b
Qab is heat added to gas between a and b
Example 12.5
Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P
A massive piston traps an amount of
Helium gas as shown. The piston freely
slides up and down.
The system initially equilibrates at
room temperature (a)
The gas is cooled, isobarically
compressing the gas to half its
original volume (b)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
P b ( > < = ) Pa
Wab ( > < = ) 0
Tb ( > < = ) Ta
Ub ( > < = ) Ua
Qab ( > < = ) 0
PV  nRT
U  Q  PV
W  PV
Vocabulary: Wab is work done by gas between a and b
Qab is heat added to gas between a and b
Work from closed cycles
Consider cycle A -> B -> A
WA->B
-WB->A
Work from closed cycles
Consider cycle A -> B -> A
WA->B->A= Area
Work from closed cycles
Reverse the cycle, make it counter clockwise
-WB->A
WA->B
Example 12.6
a) What amount of work is
performed by the gas in the
cycle IAFI?
W=3.04x105 J
b) How much heat was
inserted into the gas in the
cycle IAFI?
Q = 3.04x105 J
V (m3)
c) What amount of work is
performed by the gas in the
cycle IBFI?
W = -3.04x105 J
Consider a monotonic ideal gas.
Example 12.7
a) What work was done by
P (kPa)
the gas from A to B?
A
75
20,000 J
b) What heat was added to
the gas between A and B?
50
20,000
c) What work was done by
the gas from B to C?
25
-10,000 J
C
d) What heat was added to
the gas beween B and C?
-25,000 J
0.2
e) What work was done by
the gas from C to A?
0
f) What heat was added to
the gas from C to A?
15,000 J
B
V (m3)
0.4
0.6
Example Continued
Take solutions from last problem and find:
a) Net work done by gas in the cycle
b) Amount of heat added to gas
WAB + WBC + WCA = 10,000 J
QAB + QBC + QCA = 10,000 J
This does NOT mean that the engine is 100% efficient!
Entropy
 Measure of Disorder of the system
(randomness, ignorance)
 S = kBlog(N)
N = # of possible arrangements for fixed E and Q
py
px
Entropy
 Total Entropy always rises!
(2nd Law of Thermodynamics)
 Adding heat raises entropy
S  Q / T
Defines temperature in Kelvin!
Why does Q flow from hot to cold?
 Consider two systems, one with TA and one with TB
 Allow Q > 0 to flow from TA to TB
 Entropy changed by:
S = Q/TB - Q/TA
 If TA > TB, then S > 0
 System will achieve more randomness by
exchanging heat until TB = TA
Efficiencies of Engines
 Consider a cycle described by:
W, work done by engine
Qhot, heat that flows into engine
from source at Thot
Qcold, heat exhausted from engine at
lower temperature, Tcold
 Efficiency is defined:
engine :
W
e
Qhot
Since
Qcold
Tcold
Qhot
engine
Qcold
Qhot  Qcold
 1

Qhot
Qhot
S  Q / T  0 ,
engines :
Qhot
Qcold Tcold
Tcold



 e  1
Thot
Qhot Thot
Thot
W
Qcold
Carnot Engines
 Idealized engine
 Most efficient possible
W
Tcold
e
1
Qhot
Thot
Carnot Cycle
Example 12.8
An ideal engine (Carnot) is rated at 50% efficiency
when it is able to exhaust heat at a temperature of 20
ºC. If the exhaust temperature is lowered to -30 ºC,
what is the new efficiency.
e = 0.585
Refrigerators
Given: Refrigerated region is at Tcold
Heat exhausted to region with
Thot
Find: Efficiency
refrigerat or:
1
Qcold  Qcold

e
Qhot  Qcold Qhot / Qcold  1
W
Since
S  Q / T  0
Qhot
engine
W
Qcold
,
refrigerat or :
Qhot Qcold
Qhot Thot
1



 e
Thot / Tcold  1
Thot Tcold
Qcold Tcold
Note: Highest efficiency for small T differences
Heat Pumps
Given: Inside is at Thot
Outside is at Tcold
Find: Efficiency
Qhot
heat pump :
Qhot
1
Qhot


e
Qhot  Qcold 1  Qcold / Qhot
W
Since
S  Q / T  0
engine
W
Qcold
,
heat pump :
Qhot Qcold
Qhot Thot
1



 e
1  Tcold / Thot
Thot Tcold
Qcold Tcold
Like Refrigerator: Highest efficiency for small T
Example 12.9
A modern gas furnace can work at practically 100%
efficiency, i.e., 100% of the heat from burning the
gas is converted into heat for the home. Assume
that a heat pump works at 50% of the efficiency of
an ideal heat pump.
If electricity costs 3 times as much per kw-hr as
gas, for what range of outside temperatures is it
advantageous to use a heat pump?
Assume Tinside = 295 ºK.
5
T  295  245.8 K  - 27 C
6