Unit 6
Chapter 22
Compare economic, political, and social conditions in
Great Britain and France during the 18th century,
showing why they favored the Industrial Revolution
in Great Britain more so then in France.
Discuss the combination of social, cultural,
political, and economic factors that allowed
Great Britain to be the first nation to
industrialize.
Discuss three (3) developments that enabled
Great Britain to achieve a dominant economic
position between 1700 and 1830.
I. Industrial Revolution in England (17801830)
A. Why England was first to industrialize
1.
2.
3.
4.
Geography (Island)
Agricultural Revolution = labor force
Large amount of available capital $
Colonial empire (resources and
markets)
5. New Technology
6. Stable Government
B. World’s first large factories
1. Manchester
2. Mechanical inventions
Manchester, 1851
C. Technology
1. flying shuttle :John Kay
(1733)
2. Spinning-Jenny: James Hargreaves
(1764)
3. Spinning Mule (1779) George
& Samuel Crompton
4. Water Frame: (1769) Richard Arkwright
D. Power
1. Pre Industrial Revolution
a. limited (human, animal, water, wind)
b. coal power
2. Thomas Savory and Thomas Newcomen:
Steam Pump (1698) & (1710)
3. James Watt: first efficient steam engine
(1769)
E. Iron: Henry Cort, 1780s
1. Puddling furnace
The Puddling Furnace was introduced as a process for making
malleable iron by using coal or coke for firing. Up to this time the sulfur
in coal and coke had prevented their use. In this process the fuel is not
in contact with the iron, completely overcoming this problem.
2. English iron production by 1850
* 3 million tons
* in 1740 = 17,000 tons
F. Transportation Revolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
Growth of canal systems
Hard-surface roads
Steamboats: Robert Fulton
Railroads (the “Iron Horse”)
a. 1825, George Stephenson
b. growing regional and national market
c. facilitated growth of urban working
class
Stephenson’s Rocket
Honore Daumier: The Third-Class Carriage, 1862
J. M. W. Turner: Rain, Steam, and Speed The
Great Western Railway, 1844
Steam Ships
Robert Fulton
1807
G. Great Britain by 1850
1. Produced 2/3 of world’s coal.
2. Produced more than ½ of world’s iron
3. Produced more than ½ of world’s cotton
cloth
4. GNP rose 350% between 1801 and 1850
a. 100% growth between 1780 and 1800
b. Population increased from 9 million in
1780 to almost 21 million in 1851.
5. Per capita income increased almost 100%
between 1801 and 1851.
6. Economy increased faster than population
growth creating higher demand for labor.
Cotton Industry and
Transportation in 18th
Century England
The Industrial
Revolution in
England, ca. 1850
The Crystal Palace
III. Social issues regarding Industrialism
A. New social order
1. growth of middle class
2. new wage-earning class: factory workers
B. Struggles between labor and capital
1. Improved standard of living for workers?
2. The “dismal science”: economics
a. David Ricardo: Iron Law of Wages
wages would always sink to
subsistence level
b. Thomas Malthus – population would
always outgrow food supply
3. Luddites
4. Union Movement
a. Combination Acts (1799)
b. Robert Owen
Grand National Consolidated Trade Union
5. Chartists – universal male suffrage
5. Friedrich Engels:
The condition of the Working Class in England
(1844) blamed poverty of working-class on middleclass exploitation
C. Change in work conditions
1. work moved from home to
factory – family unit as labor
2. Rural poor & unemployed
3. Child labor exploitation
a. Orphans
4. Parliament reduced child labor
a. Factory Act of 1833
9-13 yrs. of age – 8 hrs.
14-18 yrs. of age – 12 hrs.
* broke pattern of
whole family work
unit
b. Mines Act of 1842
- prohibited women and
children under 10 from
working in mines
At least I’m better
looking than these
other slobs
Did I remember
to wash my
face?
This is
my happy
face
D. Social effects of industrialism
1. Urbanization
2. Working-class injustices
3. Gender exploitation
a. Reasons for sexual division of labor?
4. altered family structure and gender
roles
5. Rise of socialism
a. Marxists – class consciousness
Demands
for reform
Unions
Responses
Factory Act
Socialism
Mines Act
Demands
for suffrage
Industrial Revolution
Urbanization
Middle Class
New class
structure
Chartists Reform Bill
of ‘32
Altered gender
roles
Working Class
(Proletariat)
IV. Continental Europe begins to
industrialize after 1815
A. Why was Continental Europe behind
England?
B. Countries began to catch up by copying
England
1. Belgium, Holland, France and U.S.
2. Germany, Austria and Italy
C. Used power of sovereign central
governments and banking systems to
promote industrialism
1. Credit Mobilier
D. Britain failed to keep its industrial
secrets
1. William Cockerill
2. Fritz Harkort
3. Samuel Slater
E. Tariff policies in Continental Europe
1. France – protective import tax
2. Zollverein – German customs union
est. 1834
a. Friedrich List – economic nationalism
* step towards German unification
Europe, 1850
Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750-1913
1750
Britain
10
Belgium
9
United States 4
France
9
Germany
8
Austria-Hung 7
Italy
8
Russia
6
China
8
India
7
1800
16
10
9
9
8
7
8
6
6
6
1830
25
14
14
12
9
8
8
7
6
6
1860
64
28
21
20
15
11
10
8
4
3
1880
87
43
38
28
25
15
12
10
4
2
1900
100
56
69
39
52
23
17
15
3
1
1913
115
88
126
59
85
32
26
20
3
2