Unit 2.1
The Reformation
Reformation Timeline
THE REFORMATION
I.
Overview:
A. Beginning of modern Europe
B. Protestantism adopted by states in
Northern Europe
C. Religious enthusiasm rekindled.
D. Destroyed religious unity of Europe
* initiated period of religious wars in
16th & 17th centuries.
II.
Folly of Renaissance Popes
A. Corruption: simony, nepotism, sale of
indulgences.
B. Decline of morality among the clergy.
1. celibacy difficult to enforce
2. secular lifestyle
3. patronizing of the arts
C. pluralism & absenteeism
D. clerical ignorance
III. The Gutenberg Revolution
A. Desiderius Erasmus: New Testament
1. Christian Humanism: Praise of Folly
2. secular rulers resent power of papacy
IV. Martin Luther (1483-1546)
A. University educated
B. Augustian Friar – Doctorate in Theology
1. Professor of theology at Wittenberg
C. Lutheranism – salvation comes through a
simple faith in Christ
V. Indugences
* The church has the authority to
grant sinners the spiritual merits
1. Pope Leo X
2. Albert of Mainz
3. Johann Tetzel
Tetzel
Raphael: Pope Leo X
with Cardinals Giulio
de' Medici and Luigi
de' Rossi
1518-19
Luther
A. Marketing of indulgences
“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from
purgatory springs.”
B. Ninety-five Theses, Oct.31,1517
1. Luther’s criticism of the sale of indulgences
C. Luther’s Theology
1.
2.
3.
4.
Salvation is achieved from faith alone
The scripture is the ultimate authority
Church is a community of believers
All vocations have equal merit
• Baptism and Communion are the only valid
sacraments.
a. Rejected Seven Sacraments
b. Rejected transubstantiation.
c. Advocated consubstantiation.
“Real Presence”
D. Response of the Church
1. Threatened excommunication
2. 1519, public debate with John Eck in
Leipzig.
E. Diet of Worms (1521)
1. summoned by HRE Charles V
2. Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X.
"Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise.”
FRQ #3
Discuss the political and social
consequences of the Protestant
Reformation in the first half of the
16th century.
F. Protestant Revolt
1. Luther protected by Frederick of Saxony
a. Translated New Testament into German
2. Diet of Speyer (1529) – German princes
who gathered in support of Luther to protest
the response of the Church = Protestantism
IV. Social Impact of Lutheranism
A. A Treatise on Christian Freedom (1520)
“a Christian man is the most free lord of
all and subject to none”
1. Swabian Peasant Revolt: Twelve Articles
a. German peasants revolts against lords
B. Against the Murderous Thieving Hordes of
Peasants
1. Luther sided with the lords against the
peasants
“the freedom of Christians was to the freedom to
obey the word of God and not to deny the authority
of the state”
C. Protestant impact on women
1. emphasis on the role of the wife in the
home
2. women freed of embarrassing confession
3. schools educated girls along with boys
4. priest married and had families
a. Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora
D. Confessions of Augsburg, 1530
E. Countries Protestantism did not spread
to: Spain, Italy, Ireland
The Protestant and Catholic Reformations
V. Holy Roman Empire
A. Golden Bull (1356)
B. Rise of Hapsburg dynasty
1. Maximilian I
Emperor’s Banner
a. Marriage to Mary of Burgundy
b. Habsburg – Valois Wars
2. Philip & Joan of Castile
a. Son: Charles V
3. Charles V (1500-1558)
a. Inherited empire
b. Last Medieval Emperor: his duty to
maintain political & religious unity of
Western Christendom
C. Protestantism a disaster for Germany.
1. Charles V and German princes kept it
fragmented.
2. Holy Roman Empire severely weakened.
D. Northern Germany
1. Newly Protestant princes
a. Pope’s refusal to compromise.
b. Financial & political
motives of princes.
c. League of Schmalkalden
(1531) – political & military alliance
E. Peace of Augsburg, 1555
1. acceptance of the status quo by Charles V
in the HRE
a. officially recognized Lutheranism
b. each prince was permitted to
determine his territory’s religion
VI. Spread of Protestantism
A. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
1. Adopted Lutheranism in Zurich, Switzerland.
a. attacked indulgences, the Mass, celibacy
& monasticism
b. Preachership (Bible A to Z)
2. Reasons for split with Luther in 1529.
a. Eucharist was biggest issue
(consubstantiation)
b. Believed in union of church and state
(Theocracy)
c. Colloquy of Marburg (1529) –
debate with Luther failed to settle issues
B. John Calvin (1509-1564)
1. Geneva, Switzerland
2. Calvinism
a. Institutes of the
Christian Religion
(1536)
b. pre-destination
 the “elect” (“visible saints”)
3. Genevan Consistory
a. Theocracy – strict punishments for
criminal & religious violations
4. Calvinist:
a. strong work ethic
b. most militant and uncompromising
of all Protestants
c. Michael Servetus
Spanish Humanist
burned at the stake
C. Spread of Calvinism to
countries.
1. Scotland: Presbyterian
John Knox (1505-1572)
2. France: Huguenots
3. Netherlands: Dutch
Reformed
4. England: Puritans; Pilgrims
(Separatists)
other
Knox
D. Anabaptists “to baptize again”
1. only adults should be baptized
2. voluntary association of believers
3. religious tolerance (separation of Church
& State)
4. allowed women to be ministers
5. Persecuted by Catholics and Protestants
a. Tragedy at Munster, 1535
FRQ #4
Compare and contrast the
motives and actions of Martin
Luther in the German States and
King Henry VIII in England in
bringing about religious change
during the Reformation.
VII. Reformation in England
A. Early reform:
1. Lollards
2. William Tyndale (1526)
B. Henry VIII (1509-1547)
1. Death of Arthur – question of succession
2. Dynastic & Personal concerns
a. wanted to divorce Catharine of Aragon
to marry Anne Boleyn.
Henry VIII
Ann Boleyn
Catherine of Aragon
2. Henry removed the English church from
papal jurisdiction
a. The Act in Restraint of Appeals, 1533
1) Crown as highest legal authority
b. Act of Supremacy, 1534
1) Henry VIII became head of Church of
England (Anglican Church)
2) Thomas More executed in 1536
3. Creation of modern centralized state.
a. Thomas Cromwell in 1530s
b. dissolved English monasteries for their wealth
1) Pilgrimage of Grace
C. Edward VI (r.1547-1553)
1. moved England closer to Protestantism
2.Thomas Cranmer: Book of Common Prayer
D. Mary Tudor (r.1553-1558)
1. “Bloody Mary” – restored Catholicism &
persecuted Protestants
E. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
1. Took middle course between Catholic
and Puritan extremes.
a. politique (very Machiavellian)
2. Elizabethan Settlement
3. Thirty-Nine Articles, 1563
a. basic tenets of the Anglican Church
A women has twins, gives them up for adoption.
One goes to an Egyptian family and is named
Ahmal.
The other is sent to a Spanish family and is
named Juan.
Years later, Juan sends his birth mother a picture
of himself.
Upon receiving the picture, she tells her husband
she wishes she also had a picture of Ahmal.
He replies, They're twins for Pete sake!!
If you've seen Juan, you've see Ahmal!!
FRQ #4
Compare and contrast the
motives and actions of Martin
Luther in the German States and
King Henry VIII in England in
bringing about religious change
during the Reformation.
VIII. Catholic Counter Reformation
A. Response to Protestantism, or parallel
reform movement?
1. Catholic Reformation & Counter Reformation
not mutually exclusive.
2. Successful in stemming tide of Protestantism.
FRQ #5:
Analyze the aims, methods, and
degree of success of the
Catholic Reformation in the 16th
century.
B. 1534, Pope Paul III - reasserts papal
leadership & institutional reform.
 Renaissance
popes had
resisted reform.
Portrait by Titian
C. Council of Trent (1545-1563)
1. Failed reconciliation with Protestants.
a. Protestants refuse to attend
2. Institutional Reform
a. banned sale of indulgences
b. ended pluralism & absenteeism
1) required bishops to visits to a diocese
2) Seminaries were established in each
diocese for the training of priests.
- reduced clerical ignorance &immorality
3) banned sale church offices
3. Doctrinal actions:
a. validated the seven sacraments
(including transubstantiation)
b. gave equal validity of Scripture and
tradition.
c. salvation through “good works” and faith.
d. individuals cannot interpret Bible w/o
guidance from the Church.
e. Old Testament of the bible
f. reaffirmed monasticism, celibacy, and
purgatory.
D. The Counter Reformation
1. Sacred Congregation of the Holy
Office
a. Inquisition
b. Index of Prohibited Books
2. Succeeded in bringing southern
Germany and eastern Europe back to
Catholicism.
D. New Religious Orders.
1. Ursuline Order of Nuns – Angela
Merici
2. Jesuits (Society of
Jesus) – founded in
1540
a. Ignatious Loyala
(1491-1556)
b. Military arm of
Catholic
Reformation
c. Three main goals:
-- Reform the church through education
-- Missionary work to pagan peoples
-- Fight Protestantism
Ignatius Loyola