1
US History – Unit 2 Lecture Notes: President Washington to Reconstruction
I. The birth of political factions and a growing nation
A.
Washington Administration (1789-1797)
1. Judiciary Act of 1789: allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when
constitutional issues were raised, guaranteed that federal laws would remain “the supreme law of
the land.”
2. Executive Departments: Cabinet – advisors to the President
a. Department of State (Thomas Jefferson) – to deal with foreign affairs
b. Department of War (Henry Knox) – to handle military matters
c. Department of Treasury (Alexander Hamilton) – to manage finances.
B.
Conflicting visions:
1. Hamilton (Federalists): believed in a strong national government led by prosperous, educated elite
of upper-class citizens.
a. Believed that commerce and industry were the keys to a strong nation.
b. Favored loose interpretation of the Constitution
2. Jefferson (Republicans): distrusted strong central government and the rich. He favored strong
state and local governments rooted in popular participation.
a. Favored a society of farmer-citizens
b. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution
C.
Hamilton’s Economic Plan:
1. Proposed that the federal government assume the debts of the states – this would give
creditors an incentive to support the new federal government. Creditors would need the
government to succeed to insure they got their money.
2. National Bank – funded by both the federal government and wealthy private investors.
The bank would issue paper money & handle tax receipts
3. Negative reactions to Hamilton’s plan – James Madison argued that the Constitution made no
provision for a national bank, so Congress had no right to authorize it.
D.
First Political Parties: formed over the power and size of the federal government in relation to state
and local government.
1. Federalists: mostly Northerners who favored a strong national government
2. Democratic-Republicans: mostly Southerners who favored strong state government
E.
Whiskey Rebellion, 1794: famers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay an excise tax on the
manufacturing, sale, and distribution of Whiskey.
1. Federal government used force to put down the rebellion which consolidated its power
over domestic affairs.
F.
French Revolution, 1789-1794: Federalists opposed American intervention / DemocraticRepublicans support intervention. President Washington issued a declaration of neutrality in 1793.
G.
Adams Administration (1797-1801)
1. Election of 1796: John Adams won the presidency (Federalists) & Thomas Jefferson
(Democratic-Republican) came in second as the Vice President.
2. Alien and Sedition Acts: Four measures pushed through Congress by the Federalists who
feared the growing threat to the government by Democratic-Republicans & immigrants.
a. Alien Acts – raised the residence requirements for American citizenship
b. Sedition Act – set fines and jail terms for anyone expressing opinions considered
damaging to the government
c. Outraged Democratic-Republicans called the laws a violation of the 1st Amendment.
2
H.
Nullification – states passed resolutions in opposition to the Sedition Act
1. states had the right to nullify (consider void) any act of Congress of Congress they
deemed unconstitutional.
I.
Jefferson’s Administration (1801-1809)
1. Election of 1800: Jefferson defeated Adams, but tied his running mate Aaron Burr –
House of Representatives had to choose the winner who selected Jefferson.
a. deadlock in the election revealed a flaw in the electoral process
b. Congress passed the 12th Amendment: called for electors to cast separate ballots for
President and Vice President.
2. Jeffersonian Republicanism: theory of government that held that the people should control the
government, and a simple government best suited the needs of the people.
a. Jefferson shrunk the government and cut costs
3. Marbury v. Madison, 1803: Justice John Marshall & the Supreme Court ruled that part of
Congress’s Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.
a. established the principle of judicial review – the ability of the Supreme Court to
declare an action of Congress unconstitutional.
4. Louisiana Purchase, 1803: purchase of territory from France which expanded the U.S.
a. Lewis and Clark expedition showed transcontinental travel was possible
II. Growth of foreign and domestic policies
A.
James Madison administration (1809-1816)
1. War of 1812: British impressment of US sailors led to a declaration of war by the United
States.
a. Battle of New Orleans – Andrew Jackson defeated British force
b. Consequences of the War:
1. ended the Federalist Party who opposed the war
2. encourage the growth of American industries to replace British imports
3. confirmed the status of the United States as a free and independent nation
B.
James Monroe administration (1817-1824)
1. Foreign policy based on nationalism – belief that national interests should be placed
ahead of regional concerns.
2. Monroe Doctrine: warned all European powers to not interfere with the affairs in the
Western Hemisphere and promised the US would not interfere in European affairs.
a. Stated that European nations should no longer attempt to establish colonies in the Americas.
C.
Regional Economies
1. Birth of Industrial revolution in the North – Industry in the Northeast took manufacturing
out of American households and artisans’ workshops and put it into factories.
a. Primarily in New England – economy depended on shipping and foreign trade.
b. 1793 – Samuel Slater first successful mechanized textile factory in America
c. Market economy developed in North
d. Northern states abolished slavery by 1804
2. Plantation slavery grew in the South – due to emergence of a Cotton Kingdom
a. Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin: made it possible to grow cotton more profitably
3
D.
Market Revolution:
1. People bought and sold goods rather than making them for themselves
2. Improved transportation and communication resulted in growing economy and links
between regions of the United States.
3. New England region became center of industry in the U.S. during the early 1800’s
4. Free Enterprise economy: economic system in which private business and individuals
control the means of production.
5. Erie Canal – built between 1817 and 1825 connecting the Hudson River in New York to the
Great Lakes = resulted in growth in trade and commerce.
a. Other states would follow by building their own canals.
6. Steam Boat – improved trade and travel along rivers
E.
Nationalism & Sectionalism – economic differences created political tensions between
different sections of the nation.
1. Henry Clay’s – American System: a plan to unite the nation’s economic interest,
Northern manufactured goods sold to farmers in South & West – Farmers provided cash
crops and food stuffs to Northerners.
2. A national currency and improved transportation would facilitate exchange of goods
3. Tariffs and National Bank:
a. Tariffs on British imports to protect US industry – favored by North, opposed by
Southerners who livelihood did not depend on manufacturing and resented the
increased cost of imports.
b. 1816 – Congress granted a charter to the Second Bank of the United States
c. The bank would distribute currency accepted all over the country expanding
commerce.
4. 1817 – Erie Canal: linked Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.
a. Resulted in other states developing canals to boost economy through trade.
5. Missouri Compromise: made to settle problem of slavery in federal territories.
a. Missouri added as slave state / Maine added as non-slave / rest of Louisiana territory split b/w
North and South (slave and non-slave)
III. Jacksonian Democracy and Westward expansion
A.
Jacksonian Democracy: faith in the common person as the source of American strength
1. supported extending suffrage (right to vote) to the common man (non-property owners)
2. Election of 1824 – Jackson won the majority of the popular vote but lacked enough electoral votes
to win the presidency = House of Representatives had to decide the outcome.
a. Henry Clay – able to swing the vote in the House to elect John Quincy Adams.
b. Newly elected Adams appointed Henry Clay the Secretary of State
c. Jacksons supporters accused Adams of stealing the Presidency and split the DemocraticRepublican Party: Clay (Nationalist Republicans) Jackson (Democrats)
d. States expanded suffrage (right to vote) by easing qualifications (no property
ownership)
3. Jackson won presidency in 1828
B.
President Andrew Jackson (1829-1836)
1. Spoils System – Jackson’s policy of giving government appointments to friends and
supporters.
2. Indian Removal Act, 1830 – federal government provided funds to negotiate treaties that
would force native Americans to move west.
a. 1838, Trail of Tears – President martin van Buren ordered the removal of the
Cherokee in a forced march of 800 miles resulted in many deaths.
4
3. Nullification Crisis – Southern protest of the tariff of 1828 led by Jackson’s vice president – John C.
Calhoun. Tariff reduced British imports and in turn reduced British purchases of Southern cotton –
Southerners forced to buy more expensive goods from the North.
a. Calhoun’s theory of nullification – held that the US Constitution was based on a
compact among the sovereign states – giving each state the right to determine
whether acts of Congress were Constitutional.
4. Jackson’s Bank War - Jackson believed the (BUS) Bank of the United States was an agent
of the wealthy, whose members cared nothing for the common people.
a. Jackson attempted to kill the BUS by withdrawing all government deposits from the bank’s
branches and placing them in “pet banks” – banks loyal to the Democratic Party.
b. 1836 – the BUS charter expired and it became just another bank
c. Jackson won the bank war but his tactics angered many people – believing Jackson had acted
more like a king than a president = dubbed him “King Andrew the First”
d. Henry Clay and supporters established the Whig party in 1834 as protest to Jackson
and the Democratic Party.
C.
Westward Expansion
1. Manifest Destiny – belief that the United States was ordained to expand to the Pacific
Ocean into Mexican and Native American territory
2. Economic causes of migration: abundance of land was greatest attraction = land
ownership was an important step toward prosperity. Personal economic problems in the
East due to the panic of 1837 – convinced many Americans that they would be better off
attempting a fresh start in the West.
3. Santa Fe and Oregon Trails used for migration west.
4. Railroad – created a national market moving goods and persons and a cheaper cost.
5. Telegraph – Samuel Morse
6. Barbed Wire – brings end to cattle drives and the age of the cowboy by enclosing lands in the
Midwest.
D.
Mormon Migration – migrated west to what would become the state of Utah to escape religious
persecution.
1. Led by Joseph Smith who was murdered in Ohio, and then by Brigham Young who brought them
to Salt Lake City, Utah.
Texan Independence
1. 1820’s Mexican government encouraged Americans to settle in Texas
2. Stephen F. Austin – established a colony of American settlers in Texas
3. Texas Revolution: tensions over cultural issues and slavery grew between Americans and
the Mexican government in Texas.
a. Mexico sealed its border against further immigration – Anglo population continued to
double in size
b. Mexico’s government suspended local powers in Texas resulting in rebellion.
c. Mexico sent Santa Anna with 4,000 soldiers in 1835 to put down the rebellions
d. The Alamo – 1836, Texans fight to the death to defend the Alamo
e. Sam Houston – defeated the Mexican army near the San Jacinto River and capture
general Santa Anna = forced him to sign a treaty granting Texas independence
War with Mexico – 1845, President James K. Polk annexed Texas into the United States
1. Northerners opposed the War – opposed adding Texas as a slave state
2. American forces captured California & New Mexico = enlarging the United States by 1/3rd
its size.
a. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – ended the war, Mexico agreed to a border along the
Rio Grande River.
California Gold Rush, 1848 – rapid population growth led to California becoming a State in
1849.
E.
F.
G.
5
IV. Divisive Politics of Slavery
A.
The Wilmot Proviso: 1846 – added amendment to a military bill that proposed that slavery
would not be allowed in areas taken from Mexico (California, Utah, New Mexico)
1. Northerners – supported the proviso because they feared adding slave territory would give slave
states more members in Congress and deny economic opportunity to free workers.
2. Southerners – opposed the proviso fearing it would swing the balance of power
permanently toward the North.
a. Admission of California as a State, 1849: adopted a Constitution that forbade slavery.
b. Southern states assumed California would be a slave state due to most of its territory
being south of the Missouri Compromise line.
c. Southerners saw the move by northerners to block slavery in the new territory as an
attack on the Southern way of life – talk of secession from the Union.
B.
Compromise of 1850: Congressional actions to settle issues over slavery in the new
territories.
1. California admitted as free state, Utah & New Mexico territories would decide for
themselves through popular sovereignty, stricter fugitive slave law.
2. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854: proposal by Stephen Douglas to allow popular sovereignty as
a way to decide whether slavery would be allowed in the Nebraska territory.
a. The territory would be split into two states: Nebraska in the North and Kansas in the
South.
b. The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established popular sovereignty in both
territories opening slavery to all new territories, North or South.
a. popular sovereignty – the laws of a territory (slave or non-slave) would be determined
by a vote of the people in the territory
3. “Bleeding Kansas” – pro slavery voters from Missouri voted illegally & won a fraudulent
majority for the pro slavery candidates in the Kansas state government.
a. Violence erupted between pro and anti-slave groups over Kansas statehood
4. Violence in the Senate: beating of Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts by a Southern
Congressman Preston Brooks – widened the gulf between South and North over the question
of slavery.
C.
Abolitionism: antislavery movement in Northern states of the United States
1. supported the abolition (outlawing) of slavery in the United States
2. William Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator – paper which advocated for the immediate
emancipation (freeing of slaves) with no payment to slaveholders.
3. Frederick Douglass: escaped slave who became the voice of abolitionism.
a. Published the North Star – paper that guided runaway slaves to freedom.
b. His book: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave – revealed
the conditions of slavery and helped to destroy common stereotypes of African
Americans
c. served as an advisor to President Lincoln on issues of slavery and equal rights
4. Turner’s Rebellion: a slave in Virginia who organized a slave rebellion which frightened
and outraged slaveholders. Led to debate over slavery: some felt emancipation was only
way to prevent slave revolts – others chose to tighten restrictions on all African
Americans.
5. Underground railroad & Harriet Tubman: reaction to the Fugitive Slave Act led to Northern
assistance for escaping slaves. One of the most famous “conductors” of the underground
railroad was an escaped slave – Harriet Tubman
6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin: number one selling book by Harriet Beecher Stowe that stressed that
slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle.
6
D.
Immigration: 1830 to 1860 – 3 million immigrants from Northwestern Europe primarily
entered the Northern cities of the United States.
1. Irish Potato Famine, 1845 – millions of Irish immigrants came to the United States to
escape starvation in Ireland
E.
Lowell textile mills: textile mills located in Massachusetts which primarily employed young
women who were paid lower wages than men.
1. Poor working conditions with 12 hr. work days
2. Strikes – labor strikes are organized in protest of working conditions
3. National Trades’ Unions – established in the 1830’s to expand worker’s rights
a. Commonwealth v. Hunt: Supreme Court ruling that supported the workers’ right to
strike
The 2nd Great Awakening: widespread movement to awaken religious sentiments
1. Instead of appealing to emotions, they emphasized reason as a path to perfection
a. They held the conviction that individual and social reform were both possible and important
2. Reform movements:
a. Abolition of slavery
b. Women’s rights
c. Rehabilitation of criminals
d. Humane treatment of the mentally insane
F.
G.
V.
Women’s Rights Movement: women participated in the abolition movement and pushed for
greater education of women.
1. Seneca Falls convention: 1848, women rights leaders passed several resolutions to encourage
women to participate in all public issues on an equal basis with men
Path to Civil War
A.
Birth of the Republican Party
1. Whig party split between North and South over slavery & the Kansas-Nebraska Act
2. Know-Nothing Party – expressed a belief in nativism, favoring native-born people over
immigrants but split over slavery.
3. Free-Soil Party: opposed slavery in new territory because it would compete with white
workers for jobs.
4. Republican Party: formed in 1854 – united in opposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act and in
keeping slavery out of the new territories.
a. As the party grew it included members of the Free-Soil, antislavery Whigs and
Democrats, and Nativists.
B.
Slavery & Secession
1. Dred Scott Decision, 1857: Scott claimed he was a free man because his owner had taken him to
free territory and then died.
a. Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott lacked any legal standing to sue in federal court
because he was not, and could never be, a citizen.
1) The Court ruled that being in a free territory did not make a slave free.
2) The 5th Amendment protected property, including slaves.
3) Southerner slaveholders celebrated the decision – believing the ruling not only
permitted the extension of slavery but guaranteed it.
b. Harpers Ferry – Anti-slavery rebellion in Virginia led by abolitionist John Brown.
1) The rebellion failed & Brown was captured
2) Brown’s execution intensified the debate over slavery between North and South
7
C.
Election of 1860
1. Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln to run for President.
a. Lincoln was believed to be more moderate
b. Lincoln pledged to halt the further spread of slavery but tried to reassure Southerners that his
administration would not interfere with slavery where it already existed.
c. Lincoln was hated by the South “greatest evil that has ever befallen this country”
2. Democratic Party split over slavery ran two candidates against Lincoln.
a. Lincoln won the presidency with less than ½ of the popular vote and no electoral votes from
the South.
3. Lincolns’ victory led to Southern Secession
a. Southerners who viewed the struggle over slavery partly as a conflict between the states’ right
of self-determination and federal government control.
b. South Carolina seceded from the Union on Dec. 20, 1860
c. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas joined establishing the
Confederacy.
d. Elected Jefferson Davis as President of the Confederacy & located the capital at
Richmond, Virginia.
D.
Outbreak of the Civil War
1. Fort Sumter, 1861 – Confederate forces captured the Union Fort Sumter.
a. Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee join the Confederacy
2. Strengths of the two sides:
a. Union (North): enormous advantages in resources over the South
1) more man power, factories, greater food production, more extensive railroad system
b. Confederacy (South): advantages included revenue from cotton exports, first-rate generals,
and highly motivated soldiers fighting to protect their homes.
E.
Time-Line of the War: 1861-1865
1. Bull Run, 1861 – Confederate victory resulted in a false sense of completion.
2. Shiloh, 1862 – Ulysses S. Grant narrowly escaped disaster when his army was overrun =
nearly ¼ of the 100,000 soldiers were killed or wounded.
3. Antietam, 1862 – bloodiest single-day battle in the war (26,000 casualties)
4. Emancipation Proclamation, 1863: Lincoln’s order to free slaves in areas captured by the Union.
5. Gettysburg, 1863: turning point in the war! Union army defeated Lee’s Confederate army forcing
him to return to the South to fight a defensive war.
a. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
6. Sherman’s march to the Sea, 1864 – Sherman’s army burned most of Atlanta, Georgia and
continued to destroy everything in his path.
7. Surrender at Appomattox, 1865 – Union capture of Richmond led to Lee’s surrender to Grant on
April 9, 1865.
8. Lincoln’s Assassination: President Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.
a. Vice President Andrew Johnson – succeeds Lincoln as president
F.
Impact of the War: Over 600,000 men killed between the two sides
1. Political Changes: Southern states no longer threatened secession, and the federal government’s
power was greatly increased. (income tax and conscription increased government control over
individual citizens)
2. Economic Changes: War widened the gap between North & South – Northern economy boomed
during the war / Southern economy was devastated.
Civil War Amendments:
1. 13th Amendment, 1865 – abolished slavery
2. 14th Amendment, 1868 – guaranteed equal rights and privileges to all citizens
3. 15th Amendment, 1870 – guaranteed the right to vote for former slaves and their descendants.
G.
8
VI. Reconstruction: 1865 to 1877 – period of time in which the United States began to rebuild after the
Civil War and the process the federal government used to readmit the defeated Confederate states
to the Union.
A.
Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction: favored a lenient Reconstruction policy.
1. 1863, Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (Ten-Percent Plan) – government
would pardon all Confederates – except high-ranking officials and those accused of crimes
against prisoners of war – who would swear allegiance to the Union. When 10% of those
who had voted in 1860 took this oath of allegiance, a Confederate state could form a new
state government and send representatives and senators to Congress.
B.
Radical Republicans – led by Charles Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens
1. wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders
2. wanted African Americans to be given full citizenship and the right to vote
3. Wade-Davis Bill: declared that for a state government to be formed, a majority – not just
10 percent – of those eligible to vote in 1860 would have to take a solemn oath to support the
Constitution. President Lincoln vetoed the bill.
C.
Andrew Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction: similar to Lincoln’s plan, only major difference –
Johnson tried to break the planters’ power by excluding high-ranking Confederate and wealthy
Southern landowners from taking the oath needed for voting privileges.
1. Johnson pardoned more than 13,000 former Confederates
2. The newly elected Southern representatives had been high-ranking Confederate military
and political leaders – Johnson pardoned them all angering the radical republicans.
D.
Acts of Congress
1. Freedmen’s Bureau: offered assistance, such as medical aid and education, to freed slaves and
war refugees
2. Civil Rights Act of 1866: granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to African
Americans
3. Reconstruction Act of 1867: abolished governments formed in the former Confederate states,
divided those states into five military districts, set up requirements for admission into the Union
4. Enforcement Act of 1870: protected the voting rights of African Americans and gave the federal
government power to enforce the 15th Amendment
5. Civil Rights Act of 1875: outlawed racial segregation in public services assured the right of
African Americans to serve as jurors
E.
President Johnson’s Impeachment, 1868
1. Radical republicans thought Johnson was blocking Reconstruction – looked for grounds to
impeach him.
2. Johnson’s removal of the Secretary of War Edwin Stanton violated the Tenure of Office Act,
which stated that a president could not remove cabinet officers during the term of the
president who had appointed them without Senate’s approval
3. The impeachment failed to gain a required 2/3rds vote of the Senate by 1 vote.
4. Ulysses S. Grant Elected President in 1868: won by a narrow margin due to the AfricanAmerican votes from the South.
5. 15th Amendment: No one can be kept from voting because of “race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.” Important victory for Radical Republicans
9
F.
Republican government began public works programs to repair the physical damage and to provide
social service in the devastated South.
1. Southern states raised taxes to fund rebuilding which deepened the financial crisis slowing
recovery
2. Republican Party of the South made up of three groups
a. Scalawags – white Southerners, mostly small farmers who wanted to improve their
economic position & didn’t want former wealthy landowners to regain theirs.
b. Carpetbaggers – Northerners who moved to the south after the war.
c. African Americans – largest group of Southern Republicans who gained voting rights as
a result of the 15th Amendment.
3. The differences among the goals of the three groups led to a lack of unity in the Southern
Republicans
4. Former slaves improve their lives
a. Freed slaves had few skills, no land or money – many moved to Southern cities to seek
work
b. Education – Freedmen’s Bureau, African-American churches, Northern charitable
organizations, and state governments assisted in the building of schools in the South
c. African Americans win seats in Congress – first African American Senator: Hiram Revels
G.
Counter Reconstruction: 1870-1874
1. Racism: killed the Republican rule in the South because it deepened divisions within the party,
encouraged white violence, and eroded support in the North.
2. Southern Democrats – discovered they could use race baiting and racial violence to create racial
solidarity among whites (overcoming economic & class differences)
3. Northern response to racial violence in the South – weak due to growing scientific movement
that demonstrated the natural superiority of white people over black people.
4. By 1874 – growing concern over domestic problems that overshadowed Reconstruction
5. Black Codes – collection of discriminatory policies and laws in the South that denied blacks
equal rights in the post war era
H.
Racial violence in the South – centered in cities with large black populations
1. Ku Klux Klan – founded in Tennessee by six Confederate veterans in 1866
a. Directed most of the violence toward subverting the electoral process
b. Col
c. fax, Louisiana (1873) – white mob massacred blacks in an attempt to take control of the town
from Republicans
d. White Democrats won significant victories in the South
2. Sharecropping – landowners furnished sharecroppers a house, a plot of land to work, some seed,
some farm animals and implements – advanced them credit at a store the landlord typically
owned.
a. In exchange – sharecropper promised the landlord a share of their crop (one half) –
sharecroppers used the other half to pay their debt at the store = result was sharecroppers
sank into deeper dependence.
I.
Federal Government Legislation:
1. 15th Amendment (1869) guaranteed right to vote, Enforcement Act of 1870 – enabled federal
government to appoint supervisors in states that failed to protect citizens’ voting rights.
2. Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 – power of federal authorities to arrest & prosecute members of groups
that denied a citizen’s civil rights if state authorities failed to do so.
10
3. Liberal republicans – advocated civil service reform to reduce reliance on patronage and the
abuses that accompanied office seeking , tariff reduction & end to federal land grants to
railroads, recommended general amnesty for white people in the South & a return to “local selfgovernment” by men of “property and enterprise”
a. Unable to get the other Republicans to adopt their platform – they broke with the party and
merged with Southern Democrats.
J.
Redemption : 1874-1877
1. The elections of 1876 – local, state, and national levels affirmed the triumph of white Southerners.
2. Southern Democrats called their victory Redemption
3. Violent resurgence – Democrats swept to victory across the South in the 1874 elections
K.
Weak Federal Response
1. Civil Rights Act of 1875 – prohibited discrimination against black people in public
accommodations and guaranteed freedmen’s rights to serve on juries – no provisions for
enforcing the 15th amendment.
2. 1883 – Supreme Court overturned the act declaring only states, not Congress, could redress “a
private wrong, or crime of the individual.”
3. Election of 1876 & Compromise of 1877
a. Election between Democrat Samuel Tilden and Republican Rutherford B. Hayes – disputed
returns in three Southern states left Hayes with the victory
b. Compromise of 1877 – installed Hayes as President and gave Democrats control of all state
governments in the South.
c. Southerners emerged as victors – Republicans would leave the South alone & in doing so
signaled the revocation of civil rights and voting rights for black Southerners.