REBIRTH AND REVOLUTION: NATION-BUILDING IN EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC RIM
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REBIRTH AND REVOLUTION: NATION-BUILDING IN EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC RIM The Pacific Ocean is the center of world today Mediterranean Sea was the ocean of the past Atlantic Ocean was the ocean of the present: 1450 – 1945 Pacific Ocean is the ocean of the future Key Players China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong United States, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Chile 1st Economy of the World: US 2nd Economy of the World: China 3rd Economy of the World: Japan High technology, consumer electronics, computers, and automobiles Major financial investment of US, China, Japan in each other, region Impact on Region 1970 – 1982: US trade with Europe was up 400% Same time period US trade with Asia Pacific was up 800% Technology has hurt small producers, traditional markets Shift of industry, agricultural production around Pacific Massive immigration of Asians to the United States, Canada, Australia, Latin America Threats to Prosperity Warfare and conflicts: Korean War, Vietnamese War Potential for conflict between China and Taiwan Japan emerged from World War I as a world power Prosperity short-lived Chinese unification threatened Japanese interests in Manchuria Japanese troops destroyed tracks on Japanese railroad, claimed Chinese attack Incident became pretext for Japanese attack against China Military, acting without civilian authority, took all Manchuria by 1932 Japanese dictatorship Between internationalists, supporters of western-style capitalism, nationalists Much hostility to foreign influences by nationalists Attempt to build large navy stopped by Washington Naval Accords Army increasingly involved in governmental affairs; many young officers seek change The Mukden incident, 1931, in Manchuria Economy slumped during Great Depression Labor unrest, demands for social reforms Massive earthquake in 1920s hit Tokyo Political conflict emerged Plans to acquire Chinese, Russian territory frustrated by US, UK Signed treaty with United States guaranteeing China's integrity Participated in the League of Nations but often neutral or hostile Japanese economy boosted by war: sold munitions to Allies Emerged in the 1930s with dominance of government by military Many of the same trappings of fascism: nationalism, militarism, tradition Plans drawn up to conquer, control Asia-Pacific led to World War II Defeat in World War II led to US occupation under Douglas MacArthur Post-1945 World War II Asia Pacific Civil War in China between Nationalists and Communists War in Indo-China between French and Viet Minh (Nationalists, Communists) War in Indonesia between Dutch and Indonesian Nationalists US troops in occupation of Japan The Korea War, 1951-1953 Korea divided at 38th parallel U.S. ally in south: Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee Soviet ally in north: People’s Democratic Republic of Korea under Kim Il-Sung North Korean troops crossed 38th parallel , captured Seoul, June 1950 U.S. and UN troops pushed back North Korean troops to Chinese border Chinese troops came in, pushed U.S. forces, allies back in the south Both sides agreed to a cease-fire in July 1953, again at 38th parallel Globalization of containment Western fears of international communism must be contained Creation of SEATO, an Asian counterpart of NATO “Domino theory": if one country falls to communism, others will follow US occupation of Japan began an economic recovery US role Broke up Zaibatsus, established base rules for capitalism, rebuilt industries Established democracy, pressed for female suffrage, abolished state religion Postwar Japan Had few resources, no overseas empire Benefited from U.S. aid, investments Did not have a large defense budget because of US protection; money to industry Government dominated by Liberal Democrats who cooperate with businesses Japan's "economic miracle" Japan Pursued export-oriented growth supported by low wages Began with labor-intensive exports, textiles, iron, and steel Government supported incentives for trade, innovation, experimentation Government sponsored research, development for businesses Companies took care of workers, families with cradle to grave support Reinvested profits In capital-intensive industries such as cars, aircraft, shipping, electronics In technology-intensive production such as telecommunications Rapid growth, 1960s-1980s; Suffered recession in 1990s The Little Tigers In beginning: Four Tigers – Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan Followed Japanese model of export-driven industry In 1980s rapid growth; by 1990s highly competitive Industrial wealth, capitalism, trade led to democratization, pressure for reform Stressed group collectivism and cooperation, limitations on dissent Relied on government support of economic system Korean Economic Miracle Generals tended to dominate politics until the 1980s During this time supported industrialization and economic growth Began with cheap consumer goods Built up a trained industrial force of workers Corporations Hyundai and Daewoo and Samsung Became a newly industrializing nation by 1980s and strong economic force Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia are now joining these nations The republic, after 1911 Revolution did not establish a stable republic; China fell into warlords' rule Through unequal treaties, foreign states still controlled economy of China Growth of Chinese nationalism Chinese intellectuals expected Paris Peace Conference to end treaty system Instead, Paris treaties approved Japanese expansion into China May 4TH Movement: Chinese youths, intellectuals opposed to imperialism Some were attracted to Marxism and Leninism; CCP established in 1921 CCP (Chinese Communist Party) and Guomindang (The Nationalist Party) CCP leader Mao Zedong advocated women's equality, socialism Guomindang leader Sun Yat-sen favored democracy and nationalism Two parties formed alliance, assisted by the Soviet Union, against foreigners Nationalist China 1912 - 1945 Civil war after death of Sun Yat-sen, 1925 After 1928 spent most of time fighting communists, warlords Mao emerged as the leader of CCP, developed Maoist ideology Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi, Mao launched Northern Expedition to reunify China Successful, Jiang then turned on his communist allies in 1928 1934-1935, CCP retreated to Yunan on the Long March to avoid Nationalists China was mostly peasants: Maoism taps peasants as revolutionary strength Sets up a peasant commune, state in Northern China, land reform Nationalists vs. Communists vs. Warlords vs. Japanese 1931 - 1945 Origins of Communist China Civil war between nationalists and communists resumed, 1945 Communists armed, supported by USSR Mao Zedong proclaimed People's Republic of China, 1949 Social and economic transformation of China Political reorganization dominated by Communist Party, Chairman Mao Suspected nationalists were executed or sent to forced labor camps Five-Year Plan stressing heavy industry Massive land redistribution at village level Collective farms with basic health and primary education Emancipation of women: divorce, abortion, footbinding finally ended Fraternal cooperation between China and Soviet Union Both communist; shared common enemy, the United States Alarmed by U.S. support of Japan, south Korea, and Taiwan Beijing accepted direction from Moscow in early 1950s USSR gave military-economic aid, helped seat China on UN Security Council Cracks in alliance began in late 1950s USSR gave more economic support to noncommunist countries Both nations openly competed for influence in Africa and Asia Rift between the two nations was public by the end, 1964 Taiwan (Republic of China) Outmaneuvered, the nationalists under Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan in 1948 Taiwan protected by the US, develops modern industry, major world trading nation Increasing tensions for reunification with China Mao reunified China under communism People’s Republic declared in 1949 Annexed Tibet in 1949; border conflicts with India Supported Communists in Korea, Vietnam, SE Asia Intervened directly in Korean War to prevent American victory Great Leap Forward (1958--1961) Effort to catch up with industrial nations Modeled after Soviet 5 Year Plans but included grandiose, weird ideas All land collectivized; farming and industry became communal Agricultural disaster; great famine followed, 1959--1962 Great proletarian cultural revolution, 1966--1976 To root out "revisionism," revitalize the revolutionary fervor Students became the instruments of revolution against old, elite Idea was that revolutionary fervor as communist better than science, expertise Millions subjected to humiliation, persecution, and death Educated elites targeted; setback for Chinese education and science Deng's revolution Deng Xiaoping regained power in 1981; opened China to foreign influence Welcomed economic, market reforms; remained politically authoritarian Crushed pro-democracy student demonstration in Tiananmen Square, 1989 Hong Kong returned to China in 1997: how to absorb democratic city? The rise of China since the death of Mao Zedong Late 1970s opened China to foreign investment and technology Gradual shift from planned communist economy to market economy Offered vast, cheap labor and huge domestic markets China joined WTO in 2001 1914 – 1940 French Indochina: Annam, Tonkin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos Dutch (Indonesia), US (Philippines), UK (Malaya, parts of Borneo, Singapore) Independent Siam (Thailand): border state between French, British 1940 – 1945 Japanese occupy whole area within first weeks of World War II Controlled areas through puppet regimes while exploiting the resources End of war saw English, French, Dutch determined to restore their colonies US grants Philippines independence Vietnam Fighting the French in Vietnam Geneva Conference and partial independence, 1954 Japan's invasion ended French rule; Ho Chi Minh declared independence France reasserted colonial rule, recaptured Saigon and south Vietnam, 1945 Retook north by bombing Hanoi and Haiphong; killed at least ten thousand civilians Ho and followers (Viet Minh) conducted guerrilla warfare from the countryside Aided by Communist China, Viet Minh defeated the French in 1954 Vietnam temporarily divided, north and south, at 17th parallel South Vietnam's leaders delayed elections, feared communist victory US supported first the French, then the unpopular government of South Vietnam North Vietnam received assistance from USSR and China Cold war stalemate : The Vietnam War until 1975 Nationalist-communist (Viet Cong) attacks on government of South Vietnam President Johnson launched bombing campaign, sent ground troops in 1965 U.S. troops were trapped in a quagmire; dragged on until 1973
