SECOND AGE OF IMPERIALISM
INDUSTRIALIZATION AS CATALYST

Industrialization




Made it possible to easily build empires
Technology gave Europeans a technical superiority
Technology allowed Europeans to reach all areas
Scientific advances helped cure diseases harmful to
Europeans (Malaria)
INDUSTRIALIZATION AS CATALYST

Industrialism changed European expansion

Trade no longer solely luxury goods
 Europe sought raw materials for its factories
 Markets for its manufactured goods.
INDUSTRIAL WEAPONS: LEE-METFORD
RIFLE
INDUSTRIAL WEAPONS: MAXIM GUN
INDUSTRIAL WEAPONRY: MAXIM GUN
INDUSTRIAL WEAPONS: 32 POUND
CANNON
WHY WESTERN DOMINANCE

Concept of Decline Is Common to All Civilizations
 Internal Weaknesses
 Slow, vulnerable communications hinders cohesion
 Long term cohesion of political unity begins to
disappear
 Ethnic, religious, regional differences re-emerge
 Self-serving corrupt elite make pleasure predominate
 Elites lose control
 Deterioration of government, military increase social
tensions
 External Weaknesses
 Influx of nomadic peoples were a factor through 1450
 Neighboring states clash in wars
WHY WESTERN DOMINANCE?

Western Europe was different when it emerged in 1450s
 European naval power and diseases had enormous impact
 17th and 18th Industrial and technological revolution
 Europeans sought to master the natural world – know it,
use it
 Resources exploited to maximum, manufacturing
encouraged
 War ability to project military power was vastly greater
than locals
 Material culture was very advanced and innovation
accepted
 Vibrant culture of risk taking rewarded: other cultures
frowned upon it
 Other cultures copied European models, westernized in
many cases
INDUSTRIAL NAVIES

Alfred Thayer Mahon: To be a great power, you must have a
powerful navy!

European navies required foreign bases to refuel
–
–
–
–
Steam engines required coal, wood, water
Later petroleum engines required oil to fuel machines
Part of imperialism was finding naval bases, naval stores
Becomes a self-feeding cycle
•
SWITCH TO LAND POWERS
In the early stages of imperial advance
•
•
Later, companies drawn into regional conflicts
•
•
•
•
•
Great trading companies led acquisition of territories
–
Sought to avoid involvement in political rivalries
–
Favored trade instead of wars as wars cut into profits
Had to negotiate with princes for land, make alliances
Companies began to arm soldiers, build navies
Acquired land as a result of successful wars
With slow communications prior to industrialization
–
Local commanders conquered large regions
–
Home countries did not know what was happening
Examples
•
•
•
British East India Company
•
Operating from Madras, Bombay
•
Acquired Bengal and smaller enclaves
Dutch East India Company
•
Operating from Batavia
•
Acquired Java and parts of other islands
•
Acquired Ceylon
French East India Company
•
Possessed port cities and factories
•
Tried to interfere with local princes to oust British from India
CHANGING SOCIAL
RELATIONS
After 1850
•
Europeans in Asia, Africa tended to isolate themselves
Inclusion of European women in the colonies
–
Ended liaisons between European males, local women
–
Laws were established forbidding mixed marriages.
–
Measures were passed to prevent social interactions
•
•
White Racial Supremacy
•
Europeans increasingly felt they were racial superior
Looked down upon all colored or darker races
White Man’s Burden
•
•
•
•
•
•
Whites as superior civilization had a duty to inferiors
Whites imparted civilization to inferiors
Development of Social Dawinism
–
Based on Darwin’s theories
–
Saw whites as survival of the fittest
–
Other races were lower on the evolutionary scale
–
Used to justify European imperialism, myth of racial superiority
Administrators and colonists
•
•
•
•
•
•
Increasingly saw Africans, Asians as savages, uncivilized
Attempted to create European enclaves
Lived in increasing isolation from Asians, Africans
Took best lands from natives and introduced European lifestyles
Place locals at bottom of all social pyramids
SOCIAL DARWINISM
Soft, gentle, kind and humane
groups were apt to lose out to
more diabolical rivals.
 Man, in the evolutionary
process, bred some races that
were superior to others.
 Survival of the fittest ensured
progress for all of mankind.

SOCIAL DARWINISM
 Social
Darwinism was
accepted by most
white westerners.
 Popular non-fiction
included the works of
Walter Baghot,
Benjamin Kidd and
Charles Dike.
 Popular fiction
writers, like Rudyard
Kipling echoed their
views.
 Tabloid newspapers
upheld these notions.
THE BRITISH EMPIRE
 There
were two kinds
of colonies:
The White Dominions
 The Coloured
Colonies.

 Internal
selfgovernment was fine
for the former – but
not for the latter.
MISSION
CIVILISATRICE
WHITE MAN’S
BURDEN
PROTOTYPE: THE DUTCH ADVANCE
ON JAVA
•
The Dutch at Batavia
•
Initially satisfied to be vassals of sultan of Mataram
–
–
The kingdom that controlled much of Java's interior
Happy to trade for local resources.
PROTOTYPE: THE DUTCH
ADVANCE ON JAVA
Old Sultan dies; Two local princes fight for
control.
 Each beseeches the Dutch to help their cause.
 Dutch side with whichever prince agrees to
provide them with the most favorable trade
agreements.


Intervention in succession wars within Mataram

Dutch received control over the region around
Batavia

After 1670, Dutch won control of most of Java
PROTOTYPE: THE DUTCH
ADVANCE ON JAVA
The local sultans
 Were able to retain only small kingdoms
on the island
 Java became the core of the Dutch Asian
empire
 Dutch expand control in parts of East Indies
• Control local ports and some area
• Leave interiors to native princes
• Control the import, export of goods
• Collect tribute

THE SUBMISSION OF PRINCE DIPONEGORO TO GENERAL DE KOCK (DUTCH
EAST INDIES COMPANY) AT THE END OF THE JAVA WAR IN 1830
•
EARLY
COLONIAL
SOCIETY
In the Beginning
▫
British, Dutch representatives



Established themselves atop indigenous social hierarchies
Europeans Had to accommodate themselves to the ecology
New types of housing, dress, work habits adopted
EARLY COLONIAL
SOCIETY
•
A Blending
▫
Colonial representatives were male





▫
Liaisons with indigenous women were common
Intermarried with local women producing mixed groups
Eurasian mixed races become common intermediaries
Mixed races controlled exchanges between whites, locals
Many mixed groups created their own ethnic hierarchies
Syncretism of Styles and Religions


Christianity arrived but two Christianities resulted
A purely European and an ethnic, blended tradition
REFORM
•
•
By the 1770s, rampant corruption within the
East India Company
– Forced the British government to enact
reforms
– Sweeping reforms were undertaken by
Lord Charles Cornwallis
– Cornwallis' reforms in 1790s
• Cleansed the East India Company
administration
• Constricted the participation of Indians
in their own government.
– Evangelical religious movements in Britain
also induced reform.
Slavery was abolished
REFORM
•
•
Campaigns launched against what were viewed as Indian social
abuses
– Evangelicals, Utilitarians pressed for English-language
instruction in India
– Reformers supported infusion of British technology.
At the center of the social reform program
– Abolition of the practice of sati
– Despite some resistance, British insisted on an end to the
practice
REFORM
•
British reforms also brought other cultural aspects
– Centerpieces of Western civilization including law,
government
– Including education, technology, and administrative
organization
– Attempted to recast Indian civilization in the Western image.
Liberals: Westernize India
– Conservatives: Just extract resources as needed.
–
DUTCH EAST INDIES

Interactions
 War and Diplomacy
 Dutch conquer island interiors following Javanese
revolt
 Dutch, English redrew political map according to
their own desires; boundaries have lasted until
current era
 New boundaries connected particular power centers
within a Dutch colonial state, outside state to
Netherlands
 Trade
 Export industries increased rapidly until they came to
dominate the economy
 Capitalist, world-market-driven forces created
national economic structures
DUTCH EAST INDIES

State Structure
 Dutch created new political framework
 Systematically replaced local rulers, states
with colonial state; Imposed modern
bureaucratic systems
 Standardization of currency systems,
banking systems, insurance firms, and allpurpose service institutions
 Left many local institutions, elites in place
so long as they cooperated with Dutch,
fulfilled their economic quotas
DUTCH EAST INDIES

Cultural
 Dutch Native Schools: primary schools, university education
helped fuel Indonesian nationalism
 Islamic reformism (education, self-reform) came to Indonesia
via movements in Middle East
 Debate between revivalist, modernist reconstructions of Islam;
rise of ethnic identities
 Prompted social and intellectual changes
 Resistance movements and new political parties
Economic
 Chinese, Indian trading groups made up significant
percentage of immigrants
 Introduction of coffee, tea, rubber, cocoa plantations; rice
production expanded
 Dutch developed tin, oil industries
DUTCH EAST INDIES
FRENCH INDOCHINA


Interactions
 Diplomacy: Began century as Chinese tributary states,
independent princely states
 Diplomacy: Negotiations left Thailand as buffer and led to
annexation of Laos by 1902
 Wars: French fought Chinese, Vietnamese, Siam to acquire
colonies, protectorates 1859 - 1882
 War: many peasant/guerrilla insurrection, Buddhist rebellions
against French influence
State Structure
 Vietnam began as imperial state with Confucian bureaucracy
modeled after China
 French navy conquer southern area, including Cambodia
 Introduced European administration, taxing/fiscal systems
but left many ruling elites in place
 French monopolies on salt, opium, alcohol, and all public
facilities
FRENCH INDOCHINA
 State




Structure
Vietnam began as imperial state with
Confucian bureaucracy modeled after
China
French navy conquer southern area,
including Cambodia
Introduced European administration,
taxing/fiscal systems but left many
ruling elites in place
French monopolies on salt, opium,
alcohol, and all public facilities
FRENCH INDOCHINA


Social and Gender
 French colonial administrators assisted by French
trained Vietnamese bureaucrats
 Confucian ruling elites, traditional social structures
largely left in place but little influence
Cultural
 Conversion of many Vietnamese to Christianity
 Attempted repression by emperor led to French
intervention
 French practice policy of cultural assimilation , allow
elites to rule locals
 Migration of Chinese merchants to area especially in
South, to cities
 Many Vietnamese intellectuals educated in French
universities
FRENCH INDOCHINA
Technology
 Infusion of modern technology, irrigation, all
weather roads, ports
 Conquest by technologies: warships, modern
weapons, telegraph
 Coal mines and rice plantations were opened
with French funding
 Environment and Demography
 Rise of Saigon, Hanoi, Haiphong due to
French administration
 Export industries dominate: plantations for
rubber, tea, rice

FRENCH INDOCHINA
RISE OF BRITISH IN INDIA

British gradually assumed a position of superiority

Establishment of British control in India





Based out of Bombay which became center of trade, banking
Had much to do with an imperial rivalry with the French
Armed ships and fielded English-led native levies of troops
Signed alliances with local princes, fought opposition
British emerged as victors and masters of an Asian empire
BRITISH INDIA

British representative of BEIC was Robert Clive.





Won initial victories in southern India
Won a major battle over ruler of Bengal at Plassey in 1757
Clive had help of Hindu bankers
Successfully bought off the chief general, allies of rival
Clive's victory sealed British supremacy over France
in India
CONSOLIDATION OF
BRITISH RULE
•
After Plassey
– British representatives
• Involved themselves in succession disputes, wars
• Among the Indian rulers who bordered Bengal
– British East India Company
• Wrested control of India from a declining Mughal
Empire
• Madras, Bombay, Calcutta became administrative
centers
• British Presidencies incorporated territory controlled
by BEC
• Other Indian states were left as dependent allies.
CONSOLIDATION OF
BRITISH RULE
•
Despite their awareness of the growing
power of the British:
Indian princes continued to squabble among
themselves
– Supplied recruits for the British armies.
– Armies recruited from India became a force in British
empire
– Indian soldiers served British masters throughout
empire
–
INDIA: CONTROL AND TRADE
 Interactions
War: 1858 Sepoy Rebellion of
Muslims, Hindus against British rule
Trade: Opening of Suez Canal made
India economically very important
 Trade: Export of opium, raw cotton,
indigo dye, cotton textiles, tea, rubber
 Trade: British make Indian economy
dependent on English trade, merchants
INDIA FOREIGN VS DOMESTIC
Diplomacy: UK gets external control, land, rights
 Diplomacy: Indians get local self-rule, protection,
prestige
 Diplomacy: India becomes a British imperial
colony annexing Burma

INDIA STATE STRUCTURE

State Structure
1858: United Kingdom takes over EEIC after
Sepoy Rebellion, rules India directly
 Cabinet system was introduced; civil service
appointments were regulated
 Army reorganized, recruited increasingly from
the Punjab and Nepal
 Code of civil procedure (1859), penal code (1860),
code of criminal procedure (1861), high courts
(1862)
 Legislative councils were appointed containing a
small proportion of Indian members
 High caste Indians allowed to hold higher
positions
INDIA: CONTROL

Joint Anglo-Indian rule
British: land revenue-based state,
sedentary society, guarantees of
property rights, and the “rule of
law.”
Regional rulers, local communities,
local elites retained most social,
political influence
Locals advanced visions of what
Indian society should be that were
different from British
administrators
INDIA: SOCIAL AND GENDER

Social and gender
 Profound social changes both by British, locals
 English hostile to worst aspects of traditions,
caste system but rule through elite Muslims,
Hindus
 Rise of English educated and technical elite;
Indian bureaucracy, civil service largely
native
 British abolish sati; tried to diminish
effects of caste system
 Wealthy Indian merchants increasing buy
land and do not invest in industry, trade
INDIA: SOCIAL
 Elimination
of the Thugees, a
murderous Kali cult by British
 Increasing tensions between
Muslim, Hindus; Sikhs
prominent in Indian Army
 British officials accompanied
by wives, socially and
intellectually aloof from Indian
subjects.
INDIA: TECHNOLOGY
 Technology





British introduced printing press in 1778
creating an intellectual revolution
Printed media especially newspapers expanded
in 19th century
British developed public works, ports, roads,
railroads, bridges, irrigation canals, telegraph,
post
Indian Great Rail System unites country for
first time
Industrialization limited but some regional
industrialization occurred in Bombay, Bengal
INDIA: DEMOGRAPHY
 Environment




and Demography
Indian population increased with new food stuffs
Increased urbanization
Growth of plantation economics in areas: teas,
rubber, opium
Immigration of Indian labor throughout British
Empire
INDIA: CULTURAL CHANGES

Cultural
 Most
cultural exchanges involved
Britains “westernizing” Indians,
BUT…
 Founding of Anglo-Indian colleges,
schools of higher education
 Rise of Orientalism, a European
intellectual school favoring Indian
studies (Transcendentalists)
 Protestant, Catholic missionaries
very active in India, especially
south; resented by Muslims,
Hindus
WESTERNIZATION AND RESISTENCE
GROWING DISCONTENT

First nationalist movements, Hindu, Muslim reform
movements
Political leaders such as Gandhi begin
to unite urban, rural and social,
religious activities to unify nation
1914 Indian Congress Party seeks
independence for a united HinduMuslim state
1914 Muslim League seeking
independence for Muslims from a
Hindu state

INDIAN EMPIRE, 1914
COMPETITION
•
Nationalism as competition
•
•
•
•
•
Industrial competition as nationalism
Militarism as a part of industrialization
Increased military, technological advantage
Competition among nations for colonies
Imperialism and colonialism
•
•
•
Race to establish international empires
Colonies: economic insurance for industrialized nations
–
They supplied raw materials, markets,
–
Places where disgruntled workers could be shipped
Improved transportation and communications permitted
–
National leaders play direct roles in imperial conquest
–
National presses gave governments the ability
»
»
To build up public support
To publicize victories abroad.
COMPETITION
•
Imperialism and colonialism
•
•
•
Race to establish international empires
Colonies: economic insurance for industrialized
nations
–
They supplied raw materials, markets,
–
Places where disgruntled workers could be
shipped
Improved transportation and communications
permitted
–
National leaders play direct roles in imperial
conquest
–
National presses gave governments the ability
»
»
To build up public support
To publicize victories abroad.
AFRICA IN
1830: BEFORE
SCRAMBLE
FOR
CONTINENT
BEGAN
SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
FRENCH WEST AFRICA
 Technology
French weapons, transportation, steamships facilitate
conquest, control
 Quinine used to suppress malaria, permit Europeans to live
in Africa

-
Local peoples have no way to resist industrial
might of France.
FRENCH WEST AFRICA
 Interactions





Jihads by Sokoto spread faith; slaving wars; civil
wars between Muslim states
By 1898 French reached Lake Chad, Nile; Fashoda
Crisis nearly led to war with England
Industrial capitalism shaped demand, supply of goods
and service on a world scale
Price fluctuations hurt West Africa
Export of vegetable oils, cottons
FRENCH WEST AFRICA

State Structure
 Militant Muslim forces established Sokoto
Caliphate, others in early to middle 19th century
 French West Africa
 Established in 1895 to unify diverse, widespread
French colonial possessions
 Government centralized, direct rule from Paris,
by French governor; all levels of government,
courts run by French
 All French colonies had to be self-supporting,
taxable entities; little direct French investment
in colonies
FRENCH WEST AFRICA
 Cultural
Islamic education, piety made significant
advances; great Muslim revival
 White Fathers Mission charged with Catholic
missionary work in Africa

RESISTANCE

Forms of resistance: migration, tax evasion,
disobedience, disrespect
 Much less obvious, much more difficult to
control; resistance continued throughout
colonial period
 Africans turned to Christianity, Western
education as means of resisting the power
of colonial rule
FRENCH
WEST AFRICA
BRITISH NIGERIA
Technology
 Like West Africans, Nigerians had no way to
resist European technological might.

 Steamboats
used in environment;
weapons; modern medicines made
conquest easier
 Railroads, electricity, roads, port
facilities expanded and created a
unified colony
BRITISH NIGERIA
 Interactions





1750-1830 saw slaving wars between African states;
later many civil wars for power
1870-1914 colonial wars of conquest, British forced to
put down resistance
Industrializing countries sought tropical commodities
(oils, cotton, ivory, indigo, gum)
Increased slavery augmented production of goods for
regional and international trade
Exploration: the Niger, interior of the continent
BRITISH NIGERIA

State Structure
 Forest Regions: 1750 until conquest -Divine right
monarchies assisted by elites, councils ruled
small states
 Sudan/Sahel: 1750 until conquest- Muslim jihad,
reformist purifying movement creates modern,
model states
 Royal Niger Company instrumental in acquiring
lands, facilitation British expansion to interior
 British establish two colonies: North, South and
eventually merge both into one colonial entity
 British dominate highest positions including
military; ruled indirectly through local elites
 Educated Africans become government civil
servants, lawyers, police, teachers under British
supervision
BRITISH NIGERIA

Social and Gender
 Before
British arrival, slave trade
redirected to interior and
expanded; many economic,
social benefits
 African slavery contributed to
patriarchy because slave wives had
fewer rights than freeborn wives
 Traditional elites remained but
undermined by European educated
elites, Christians, businessmen
BRITISH NIGERIA

Cultural
 British, American missionaries set up schools,
begin activities (Presbyterians, Methodists,
Anglicans)
 Rise of western educated elite due to
missionaries, education which challenged
traditional elites
 In villages were men migrated to work,
women assumed many traditional male
roles
 British economics, education disrupted many
tradition patterns and changed social focus
COLONIAL WARS
•
Europe by the late 19th century
–
–
•
The peoples of Asia and Africa
–
–
–
•
Nations could wage devastating war
Small armies had enormous power
• Technology gave them great power
• Machine guns, steam power, iron hulls
Not able to provide effective resistance
Asian, African leaders continued to resist
Although they were able to win some victories
• Local states could not sustain conventional wars
• Most effective resistance was offered by guerrillas
Case of Congo in Africa
–
–
–
–
Henry Stanley never had more than 1000 men
His army had machine guns, cannons, steamers
Conquered Congo Free State (Zaire) for Belgium
State is half the size of the continental USA
RESISTANCE

Africans, Asians Resist






Sepoy Rebellion 1857




Hindu, Muslims sepoys rebel
Crushed by British troops
UK annexes India from East Indies Co.
Ethiopia



Resisted as best they could
Refused to cooperate
Slowed work, output
Disappeared to avoid work
Often resorted to war
Italy invaded in 1896
At Battle of Adowa, Ethiopia wins
Zulu Wars




1870s
English, Boer in region: seek Zulu land
Zulus resist
Battle of Isandhlwana


Zulus defeat British
Too little to win war
PATTERNS OF DOMINANCE

European Superiority



Fueled desire for Western learning
Asian, African elites cooperated to try to maintain
their powers
Asian and African middle classes westernized

Europeans needed lower echelon bureaucrats to
run empire

New middle classes, urban classes especially clerks
worked with Europeans

Fueled westernization issues as many adopted
European standards
PATTERNS OF DOMINANCE

Two primary types of colonies


Tropical dependencies

Small numbers of Europeans ruled large numbers of
indigenous peoples

Europeans there to exploit resources but not settle

Often left for better life after making their money,
reputation
Settlement, settler colonies.

Within the settlement colonies there were two
patterns.

In the White Dominions, such as Canada and
Australia



Much of the population descended from European
immigrants
Possible because of the die-off of native peoples
In contested settler colonies, such as Algeria, Kenya,
New Zealand, Hawaii


Large numbers of European immigrants vied with
indigenous peoples
Europeans tried to monopolize best lands, resources
THE COLOSSUS
ASTRIDE
AFRICA
(CECIL
RHODES)
TROPICAL DEPENDENCIES
•
Followed models established in India, Java
 Exploited religious or ethnic divisions



Europeans rigidified differences
Divided indigenous peoples into artificial tribes
Rule through one tribe





Europeans often placed one tribe over other
tribes
Europeans ruled through this tribe
The powerful tribe often exploited other tribes,
peoples
Ashanti in Gold Coast, Kikuyu in Kenya,
Buganda in Uganda
Brahmin and Kshatriya castes, Sikhs in India
TROPICAL DEPENDENCIES
•
Europeans gained control over vast regions of Asia, Africa
 Few Europeans governed masses of indigenous peoples



With the help of Western-educated African, Asian
subordinates.
British also drew on educated Indians to support
administrative
In Africa, unlike other colonized regions



Education left in the hands of missionaries rather than the
state
This policy stunted the growth of an African middle class
Such policies


Intentionally eliminated the development of nationalist
leaders
Isolated groups within the colonized peoples
ECONOMIC EXTRACTION
•
Coercive Means of Colonialism
 Efforts made to increase production of exports
 Often used coercive means



Head, hut taxes imposed payable only in
commodities
Forced locals to mine minerals, tap rubber for
Europeans
Worse Case = Congo Free State





No rules governing colonization and King of
Belgium wanted an empire
Hired Henry Stanley with small armies to create
his own new state
Called Congo Free State
Forced locals to harvest rubber under pain of
death, punishment
Labor quotas little more than slavery
ECONOMIC EXTRACTION
•
Development of Infrastructure

To facilitate the movement of raw materials,
agricultural crops





Imperial nations built roads,
railroads from colonial interiors to
ports.
Mining and agricultural productivity
increased in the colonies
But profits went to European
imperialists.
African and Asian workers scarcely
benefited from their labor.
Colonial economies reduced to dependence on
industrialized Europe.
IN THE RUBBER COILS
THE CONGO “FREE” STATE
Congo Free State, Imports and Exports, 1887-1903
Year
Exports
Imports
Year
Exports
Imports
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1,980,441
2,609,300
4,297,543
8,242,199
5,353,519
5,487,632
6,106,134
8,761,622
10,943,019
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
9,175,103
11,104,723
10,685,848
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
12,389,600
15,146,976
22,163,482
36,061,959
47,377,401
50,488,394
50,069,515
54,597,835
15,227,776
22,181,462
23,084,447
22,325,847
24,724,109
23,102,064
18,080,909
20,896,331
MISSIONARIES AND
IMPERIALISM
•
The Flag Followed The Faith
–
Missionaries
•
•
•
–
Were active before imperialists
Often penetrated interior of Asia,
Africa
Brought faith and many other goods,
ideas
Missionaries were active as social imperialists
•
•
Missionaries favored Western ways
Insisted that conversion meant
westernization
MISSIONARIES AND IMPERIALISM
•
Native vs. European Clergy
– Three Christian traditions developed
•
•
•
Roman Catholic and Anglican traditions – very
similar
Protestant traditions like Presbyterians were late
starters
Indigenous Clergy and African Christian movements
Developed after some time
• Often did not belong to any
established tradition
• Very strongly Afro-centric and often
pentecostal
Europeans dominated African
Christianity until 1950s
•
–
SPREAD OF
CHRISTIAN
MISSIONS IN
AFRICA
NGUNI

Nguni
 Bantu tribal language family in Southern Africa
 Arrived 1600s in Cape area
 Arrive in area same time as Dutch settled
Capetown
 Tribes: Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Swahzi, Nbelle, Shona
 Many moved into area following decline of
Zimbabwe
 Corn introduced from Americas: rise of population
 Scarce resources during 10 year drought: conflict
MFECANE
 Mfecane





Zulu for the scattering or crushing
Rise of Zulu Empire c. 1780 – 1840
Created by Shaka Zulu, the use of modern iron
swords
Zulu war machine forced Ngoni tribes to
scatter
Let to rise of Zulu-like states throughout region
MFECANE MEETS GREAT TREK

Mfecane meets Great Trek
British rule increasingly
unacceptable to Dutch Farmer
(Boer)
 British oppose slavery which
Boers support
 Boer picked up entire
communities and migrated to
interior
 The Great Trek of Boers collided
up against Mfecane

MAPPING THE
MFECANE
SOUTH AFRICA
 Interactions
Diplomacy: British acquire land from Dutch following
Napoleonic war
 Wars: European border wars with Bantu; Anglo-Boer
War 1899
 Bantu Mfecane caused by Zulus; Great Trek: Boers
immigrated into interior to get away from British
 Imperialism: gold, diamonds led British to seek to
control Boer Republics

SOUTH AFRICA

State Structure
 Cape Colony, Natal were British settler
colonies; Transvaal, Orange Free State were
independent
 Indirect British rule of Africans through
chiefs; 1853 British settlers acquire
legislature, self-rule
 Union of South Africa as a British federal
crown dominion in 1910 united all states,
provinces
Immigration Act of 1913 restricted rights of Indians, led to
arrest, rise of Gandhi
 Native Land Act of 1913 restricted African landing holding
to under 8%
 African National Congress founded by blacks in 1913; South
African Nationalist party founded in 1914

SOUTH AFRICA

Social and Gender
 1795 Slaves outnumbered European colonists
 19th century saw expulsions of Bantu from
lands; heavy English settler immigration to
colonies
 Casted society with misgenation laws, racial
segregation laws in place
English Settlers; Afrikaaner (Boer) Settlers dominate
society
 Indian indentured labor in sugar plantations; mixed
populations in Cape Colony, Natal
 African (Bantu) populations relegated to homelands, tribal
lands

SOUTH AFRICA

Cultural
 Conversion
of many Africans to
Protestantism
 Europeans dominated all levels of
the government, economy

Technology
 Railroads,
modernized ports
 Heavy mining of gold, diamonds
led to industrial capitalism
SOUTH AFRICA

Environment and Demography
 Ranching
and farming introduced
 Cities were often heavily
Caucasian, Indian, Mixed
populations: black suburban slums
BOER GREAT TREK
 Dutch





in South Africa
17th century Dutch occupy Capetown Province
Dutch, French Huguenots settle in Cape Province
Society develops called Boer
People speak Afrikaans, a dialect of Dutch
Create a settler society based on ranching, slavery
 British
Acquire Cape Province
Following Napoleonic Wars, British annex Cape
Province
 British abolish slavery and English immigration
increases

GREAT TREK

Great Trek
 Waves: semi-nomadic pastoralists and skilled
artisans, merchants, farmers
 Reasons for migration
Felt their life style and traditions were threatened by the
British
 Disliked Anglicization policies in society and faith
 Disagreed with British abolition of slavery
 Felt British were unreceptive to attacks by Bantu Nguni
tribes on borders
 Sought good farm land which was in short supply in Cape
Province
 Boers had a large, expanding, young population

SOUTH AFRICA

Results
 Establishment of three Boer Republics in
interior
 These republics did not permit slavery but
established racial segregation
 Conflicts between Boers and Bantu especially
Zulu and Xhosa increase
MAPPING
THE GREAT
TREK
CONTESTED SETTLER COLONIES
•
•
Australia, South Africa, Kenya, New Zealand, Algeria
Contested settler colonies

Attracted large numbers of European
immigrants
 Earlier settler colonies
▫ Disease decimated indigenous
populations
▫ Europeans able without much
trouble to take best lands
▫ Introduced complete European
society inc. food, animals
CONTESTED SETTLER COLONIES


“Neo-Europes”
 Created abroad including food,
animals
 Society an exact replication of
Europe
 American colonies
 Canada and Quebec
19th-century settler colonies
 Were in areas with large indigenous
populations
NEO-EUROPES &
IMMIGRATION
EUROPEANS IN AUSTRALIA

Early Settlement of Australia
 May 1787 11 ships sailed from England bound for
Botany Bay
 British Crown Colony of New South Wales 1788
 Included the current islands of New Zealand, which
was administered as part of New South Wales
 Van Diemen's Land now known as Tasmania settled
in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825
 Britain formally claimed the western part of Australia
in 1829
 1835 the Colonial Office implemented the legal
doctrine of terra nullius
 Land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown
taking possession
 Quashed earlier treaties with Aboriginal peoples
 All people found occupying land without authority of
government considered illegal trespassers
EUROPEANS SETTLE AUSTRALIA

Separate colonies were created from parts of New
South Wales
 South Australia in 1836; New Zealand in 1840;
Victoria in 1851; Queensland in 1859
 Northern Territory founded in 1863 as part of
the Province of South Australia
 1829 Swan River Colony founded: later became
Western Australia
Western Australia was founded as a free colony
 Later accepted transported convicts because of an acute
labor shortage



The transportation of convicts to Australia was
phased out between 1840 and 1868
Massive areas of land were cleared for
agriculture and various other purposes
EUROPEANS IN AUSTRALIA
 1850:
Gold Rushes led to massive
immigration
Immigration from England, Scotland, Ireland,
Wales
 Immigration from United States and Canada
 Immigration of Chinese laborers to support
European construction, service industries

 1901:
Australia granted Dominion
Status
AUSTRALIA
NS
Aborigine Tribes Prior to 1830
The Creation of Australia to 1901
THE PACIFIC
•
European,
American,
Japanese colonialism




and
Resulted in demographic disasters
and social disruption
New Zealand and Hawaii serve as
examples
War of 1898 made US a Pacific Power
USA acquired Philippines, Guam,
Hawaii, Samoa
NEW ZEALAND
Contact between Europeans, Maoris occurred
end of 18th century
European settlement was not extensive
Exposure to diseases, dissemination of firearms
resulted in massive population loss
By middle of 19th century




•
•
•
•
•
•
The surviving Maoris had begun to establish
sedentary agricultural communities
Used European technology and domesticated
animals
British settlement began in earnest in the 1850s
European immigrants seized the most fertile lands;
Maoris driven to interior of the islands
Maoris survived by acculturating to British law and
government
New Zealand was able to construct a multiracial
SETTLEMENT
OF NEW ZEALAND

1000-1300


1642




First Christian mission begin
Sheep, cattle, chickens, horses
1820s – 1840s


First European settlers
First European women arrive
1814


60% of Maori on North Island die
due to disease
1793 – 1806


Cook visits islands
1790


Dutch visit islands
1769


Arrival of Polynesians
Maori wars using muskets
1840 – 1841


Major European settlements
New Zealand becomes British
HAWAII








Captain James Cook opened Hawaii to Western
development in 1777
With use of Western weapons, Kamehameha united all
of Hawaii 1794 to 1810
Kamehameha encouraged economic exchange with
Western merchants
In 1819, US missionaries began to convert the
Hawaiians to Christianity
Missionaries brought in their wake cultural change and
Western education
Exposure to Western diseases decimated the
population of the Hawaiian islands
Westerners soon began to experiment with plantation
crops
As Hawaiian monarchy declined, planter groups called
PACIFIC EMPIRES