Lesson 2
Tree Anatomy
Which trees are best for maple
syrup production?
Maple Syrup in the Classroom
Anatomy of a Tree
 Crown
– Leaves
– Branches
 Roots
– Tap Roots
– Fibrous Roots
 Trunk
–
–
–
–
2.1
Bark
Cambium Layer
Sap Wood
Heart Wood
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Parts of a
Tree
2.2
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Crown
The crown is the entire area of the tree
that contains branches with leaves.
The size and shape of the canopy is
effected by the environment and the
tree species.
The leaves serve as the energy factory
for the tree to grow as is it collects the
energy from the sun.
2.3
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Leaves
Function of Leaves
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants
produce their food.
2. The leaf carries out transpiration which is the
loss of water and the gas exchange of CO2.
3. The leaf can store some food, which can be
transferred to other areas of the plant.
2.4
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Leaves
Leaves contain cells full of chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are the ultimate energy
factories of the tree.
Chloroplasts convert sunlight and carbon
dioxide into glucose (sugar) and oxygen in
the process of photosynthesis.
2.5
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Cross Section of Leaf
 Chloroplasts
concentrated
in Palisade.
 Xylem and
Phloem
connect all
the way to
roots.
iusd.k12.ca.us/uhs/ cs2/leaf_cross-section.htm
2.6
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Photosynthesis
Basic Reaction
Balanced Reaction
www2002.stoke.gov.uk/ museums/pmag/nathist/edu
– 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2
2.7
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Leaf Parts
1. The blade, which is the main body of the leaf.
2. The petiole, which is the structure which attaches the
blade to the stem.
3. The midrib, which is the large central vein down the
middle of the leaf.
4. The apex, which is the tip of the leaf.
5. The base, which is the bottom of the leaf and attaches
to the petiole, or if a petiole is absent, directly to the
stem. (A leaf with no petiole is said to be "sessile.")
6. The margin, which is the edge of the leaf.
2.8
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Types of Leaves
1. Simple leaves which are undivided leaves or
have a totally intact blade.
2. Compound leaves which are leaves whose
blade is divided into several distinct leaflets.
3. Needle leaves which are narrow, compact
leaves such as pine or fir needles.
2.9
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Trunk
Function of Trunk or Stem
1. Transports water and nutrients from the
roots to the leaves.
2. Supports the leaves of a plant and also
the fruit and flowers.
3. Food storage.
4. Diametrical growth in the cambium,
where cell division occurs.
2.10
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Cross Section of
Trunk
 Xylem and Phloem
transports water and
nutrients throughout
the tree.
 Xylem transports
materials up.
 Phloem transports
materials down.
 Sapwood stores liquid
and food produced by the
tree.
2.11
http://www.forest.nsw.gov.au/publication/forest_facts/aboutwood/default.asp
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Roots
Functions of Roots
1.Absorbs water, oxygen and nutrients (root
hairs take up H2O and nutrients).
2.Transports water and nutrients to the stem.
3.Anchors the plant and keeps it in a stable
position.
4.Stores food in the form of starch (for example
in the taproot of a carrot or turnip).
– Note: Maple tree feeder roots start just six
inches below the surface of the soil.
2.12
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Types of Roots
1. The fibrous root system, such as in corn or
beans in which the roots branch from the
bottom of the plant; or
2. The taproot where a long tapering root, such
as in the carrot and dandelions, develops.
2.13
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Is All Sap Equal?
maple.dnr.cornell.edu/ kids/compare_sugar.asp
2.14
Maple Syrup in the Classroom