Unit 3: Expansion and Conflict
“Jefferson’s Presidency” (6.3)
I. Election of 1800
a. Jefferson and Burr tied (D-R)
i. Each received 73 votes, so House of Reps voted 36 times
ii. Hamilton (F) supported Jefferson to break deadlock – Jefferson won
iii. Burr later challenged Hamilton to a duel - Hamilton died, Burr’s career ruined
iv. 12th Amendment passed: separate ballots for President and VP
II. Jefferson Made Changes
a. Reduced size and influence of govt.
b. James Madison became Secretary of State – Jefferson’s closest ally
c. Changed tax system in 1802 - customs duties & sales of western lands raised revenue
d. Reduced size of military
III. Louisiana Purchase (map pg. 217)
a. Thomas Jefferson’s greatest achievement as President
b. Doubled the size of the US for $15 million (.03/acre)
c. New Orleans and Mississippi River were vital to commerce
d. James Monroe went to France - agreement reached 4/30/1803
e. Lewis and Clark (pg.222)
i. Ultimate goal was to reach Pacific Ocean
ii. Other goals - map the country & survey natural history (plants, animals, etc.)
iii. Led 50 frontiersmen from St. Louis up Missouri River
 May 1804 to September 1806
iv. Sacagawea guided expedition across the Rockies
IV. Other Famous Explorers
a. Zebulon Pike explored upper Mississippi River – looked for source of river
i. Mapped southern portion of U.S. and found Pike’s Peak (Colorado)
b. John C. Fremont explored Sierra Nevadas, Lake Tahoe and Mt. St. Helen’s
i. 3rd expedition was California
“The War of 1812” (6.4)
I. Causes of War
a. British impressment of US sailors & aided Indians in NW Territory
b. British violated U.S. neutrality – Freedom of the seas!
c. Conflict over western borders and desire to own Canada
d. International conflicts over commerce - Madison, Embargo Act
II. War Began (map pg. 226)
a. Battle of Tippecanoe (11/1811)
i. Tecumseh united followers, but W.H. Harrison attacked & became a hero
b. War Hawks called for war – led by Henry Clay
c. New England merchants opposed war because war w/ Britain would hurt their business
d. Battle of Lake Erie (9/1813) - Harrison led Americans to victory
i. British retreated from Detroit
e. Battle of the Thames (10/1813) - Tecumseh was killed
i. Ended the British/Native American alliance
f. Battle of Horseshoe Bend (3/1814)
i. Andrew Jackson led forces against the Creeks
ii. Jackson massacred Creek women, children and warriors
g. Battle of Washington (8/1814) - British burned D.C. including the White House
i. Dolly Madison saved important documents, G.W. portrait
ii. British encountered “hurrinado” during march to Baltimore
h. Battle of Fort McHenry (9/1814) - Turning point in the war!
i. British bombardment not able to penetrate fort
ii. US flag still was flying in the morning
iii. Key wrote, “Star Spangled Banner”
i. Battle of New Orleans – 1/1815
i. Andrew Jackson led “rag-tag” army to victory
ii. Jackson became a national hero
III. Effects of the War
a. No territorial gains for U.S. or Britain, but national pride increased
b. U.S. manufacturing increased
c. Native American resistance declined
d. Andrew Jackson heroism led to presidency
e. Treaty of Ghent ended war
DQ 3.1
“The Rise of Nationalism” (7.1)
I. Nationalism Influenced Domestic Policy
a. Nationalism - extreme pride or devotion to one’s country
i. Belief that national interests superseded regional interest
b. Chief Justice John Marshall sided with federal govt. in McCulloch v. Maryland
i. Gibbons v. Ogden – sided with fed over state in steamboat issue
c. American System was proposed by Henry Clay, Speaker of the House
i. Sought to implement policies to unify the country
 Tariffs, sale of govt. lands, national bank, infrastructure
II. Nationalism Guided Foreign Policy
a. “Era of Good Feelings” led by President Monroe (1817- 1825)
b. Adams – Onis Treaty – U.S. acquired Florida
c. Monroe Doctrine – guided foreign policy for over a century
i. Warned European powers not to interfere with the affairs of the Western Hemisphere (Americas)
ii. U.S. would stay out of European affairs – ISOLATIONISM!
III. Missouri Compromise (1820)
a. Missouri admitted as a slave state
b. Maine admitted as a free state
c. North of 36/30 was to be free state
d. South of 36/30 was to be slave state
“The Age of Andrew Jackson” (7.2)
I. Election of 1824
a. Andrew Jackson v. John Quincy Adams
– Jackson won popular vote, but not majority of Electoral College
b. Henry Clay supported Adams – called the “Corrupt Bargain”
c. Adams was named President and Clay was his Secretary of State
II. Election of 1828
a. Property ownership not necessary to vote  the “common man” could vote for the first time
i. Known as universal white male suffrage
ii. Jackson’s supporters were ordinary Americans
b. Jackson defeated Adams convincingly
c. “Spoils System” - Jackson rewarded his supporters with jobs
d. Jacksonian Democracy – ordinary Americans exercised political power
III. Indian Removal Act
a. Relocation of five tribes west of Mississippi River (present OK) - supervised by U.S. Army
b. President Jackson openly disobeyed the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia
i. Became the only President to disregard Supreme Court
c. Trail of Tears
i. 16,000 Cherokees forced to leave homes and move west to Indian Country (Oklahoma)
ii. 4,000 died on tragic exodus
1. Hunger, exposure, disease and bandits were the culprits
d. Seminoles resisted and were never defeated
IV. National Bank Issue
a. Jackson opposed National Bank – believed it favored the wealthy & was unconstitutional
b. State “pet banks” helped poorer families
c. National Bank devoted to wealthy northern corporations
V. Conflict Over States Rights
a. Tariff of Abominations – tax on British manufactured goods
i. Tax increased price of British goods – helped northern manufacturers
ii. Hurt southern planters – forced to buy northern goods
iii. Tariff benefited North at the expense of the South
b. Nullification
i. Legal way for a state to declare a federal law as void (invalid)
ii. South Carolina declared tariff law “null and void”
1. SC threatened to secede from the Union
iii. VP Calhoun resigned & became senator in SC
iv. Jackson demanded Force Bill from Congress
1. SC declared this bill “null and void” as well
v. Henry Clay worked out a compromise – tariffs reduced over 10 years
DQ 3.2
“The Industrial North” (7.3)
I. The Industrial Revolution
a. Machines replaced hand tools, steam & electric power replaced human/animal power
b. Samuel Slater was a skillful mechanic in Britain
i. Memorized plans of water frame - brought to America
ii. Built water-powered spinning mill – first textile mill in US
c. Francis Lowell – combined spinning and weaving under one roof
i. Factory turned raw cotton into finished cloth
ii. Lowell Girls – women ran factories (14 hrs x 6 days/wk)
d. Reasons for urbanization
i. People moved to cities for work
ii. Attractions: museums, theaters, race tracks and circuses
iii. Hazards: poor streets, no sewers, garbage and fires
1. Diseases spread rapidly – yellow fever and cholera
II. The Transportation Revolution
a. Moved goods from factories to markets
b. National road built– stretched 800 miles from MD to IL
c. Erie Canal – connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River
i. Increased efficiency in shipping
ii. Established NYC as a great trading center
iii. Success led to 3,000 miles of canals in 15 years
d. Steamboat – developed by Robert Fulton (Clermont)
i. Revolutionized trade and travel
e. Railroad began in Charleston, S.C. in 1831 - by 1840 – 3,000 miles of track
i. RR (Iron Horse) was most important component to transportation
III. Communications Revolution
a. Printing Press – Johannes Gutenberg
b. Telegraph – Samuel Morse
c. Postal Service grew due to advances in transportation
“The Land of Cotton” (7.4)
I. King Cotton
a. Cotton Gin was invented by Eli Whitney
i. Direct impact of the cotton gin was greater demand for slave labor
ii. Increased efficiency for short staple cotton - separated seeds from cotton fiber
b. Demand for cotton increased at home and overseas
i. Booming textile industry in the North
ii. Great Britain’s mills needed US cotton
c. Cotton Belt – stretched from Virginia to Texas
d. Cotton was most valuable export in during the 1800’s
II. Spread of Slavery
a. Importation of slaves was banned in 1808
i. Smuggling still existed in the South
ii. Ports in Charleston and New Orleans were primary hubs
b. Growth of cotton farming increased demand for slaves
c. In 1810 – 1 million slaves, by 1840 – nearly 2.5 million slaves (¼ of white family’s)
d. Powerful economic incentive to maintain slavery
III. Differences between North and South
a. Northern economy was based on industry and trade - factories
i. Encouraged urbanization - cities grew as a result
ii. Transportation and communication revolution impacted North more than South
iii. Enriched culture & more diverse population
iv. Viewed change as progress
b. Southern economy was based on agriculture - cotton
i. Rural communities
ii. Little technological progress – slaves did the work
iii. Less diverse population
iv. Traditional values rather than change
c. Distance – few traveled between the “foreign” places
d. Slavery - North viewed slavery as evil, but in the South it was vital to the economy
“New Movements in America” (8.1)
I. Religion Sparks Reform
A. Second Great Awakening - Americans attended revivals and churches in record numbers
1. Launched the Reform Era to reshape American society
B. Temperance (moderation) movement reduced the use of alcohol
1. “Evils of alcohol” – sickness, poverty, and breakup of families
2. Maine outlawed alcohol in 1851 – 12 states followed
II. Reforming Education
A. Common school movement – education was vital to democracy
B. Horace Mann was the greatest school reformer - advocated for compulsory attendance
1. By 1860, six in ten white students attended school
III. Reforming Prisons
A. Dorthea Dix campaigned for humane treatment of prisoners and mentally ill
1. Criminals and mentally ill confined together
2. Crowded and unsanitary conditions and abused by jailers
B. Nearly 100 mental institutions in US by her death in 1887
IV. Transcendentalism
A. Sought deeper and truer understanding of the world
B. Ralph Waldo Emerson – people should be self-reliant & trust their intuition
1. Sense of connection between people and nature
DQ 3.3
2. One of America’s most important authors
C. Henry David Thoreau – power of self-reliance and individual thought
1. Mentored by Emerson - lived simply to achieve a meaningful life
2. Wrote “Civil Disobedience” – claimed govt. was best when it governed the least
 Inspired Gandhi and MLK Jr. - nonviolent resistance
D. Utopianism – created communities free of social ills
“Early Immigration” (8.2)
I. Immigrants
A. Irish – potato was their staple crop
1. Great Irish Famine – potato crops failed & over 1 million died by 1850
2. By 1854, nearly 1.5 million had moved to US
B. Germans – fled homeland due to economic depression, overpopulation & escape religious persecution
1. Came to the US for free land and business opportunities
C. Push-pull theory
1. Push – factors that cause people to leave homeland
2. Pull - factors that cause people to move to another country
II. Lives of Immigrants
A. Hostility toward Irish - sheer numbers, 1.5 Irish out of 24 million Americans
1. Most settled in port cities on Atlantic coast
2. Resented because of their poverty - took low-paying jobs & threatened American workers
3. Catholics in a predominantly Protestant country
B. Nativists – opposed immigration, violently at times
C. Germans experience was more positive – they were middle-class Protestants
1. Many settled in Midwest & became farmers or carpenters
III. Urban and Industrial Reform
A. Urban reform – richest 1% controlled cities & half the wealth
1. Most urban Americans were poor
2. Lived in tenements – disease spread rapidly
3. Majority of reform happened in late 19th century
B. Industrial reform
1. By 1860, 30% worked in manufacturing - shifted from farmers to wage earners
2. Owners wanted to maximize profits
a. long hours, low wages and unsafe conditions
b. workers organized for greater bargaining power
C. Labor movement supported workers rights
1. Opposed by business owners – many were politicians
2. President Jackson declared 10 hour workday for fed. employees
3. President Van Buren extended the law to workers
“Women and Reform” (8.3)
I. Limits on Women
A. Legal limits – couldn’t vote or hold office
B. Economic limits – not allowed to own property
C. Cultural limits – women were viewed as inferior to men
1. “A woman’s place was in the home”
2. Cult of domesticity urged women not to work
II. Women in the Reform Era
A. Second Great Awakening opened doors for women
1. Greater participation in religious affairs - formed Bible groups and missionary societies
B. Reform societies promoted social change
C. Educational reform - Catharine Beecher ran a school for women
1. Mt. Holyoke College – first women’s college led many to become teachers
D. Seneca Falls Convention (NY) began modern American women’s movement
1. Women desired political power, but lacked influence/accomplishments in office
a. Active in abolitionist movement (racial equality = gender equality)
b. needed to fight to improve own lives as well
2. Convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
3. Produced the Declaration of Sentiments - written by Stanton
a. 100 signed the document – 68 women/32 men
b. Declared “all men and women were created equal”
“Fighting Against Slavery” (8.4)
I. Lives of Slaves
A. By 1860, 4 million lived in slavery in the South
B. Life of work - slaves were viewed as property, not people
1. Lived on farms and plantations - cotton farming was labor intensive
2. Lived in barely tolerable conditions - food, clothing & medical care was inadequate
C. Life of fear – slavery threatened to separate families
1. Many owners treated slaves well, but others were harsh and inhumane
D. Life of hope - religion was major source of comfort
1. Found pleasure in storytelling and inspiration in songs
II. Antislavery Movement
A. Slave revolt in 1830 – led by Nat Turner
1. Deadliest slave uprising in American history
2. Killed slaveholder and family - 75 followers killed dozens more Whites
3. Local militia captured and executed 20, including Turner
B. Some slaves escaped to the North, Canada or Mexico
C. Underground Railroad – network of escape routes and safe houses
1. Provided food, hiding and directions
2. Harriet Tubman was a key organizer & most famous worker
- Escaped herself, then helped others on journey to freedom
III. Abolitionist Movement
A. Campaign to end slavery
B. One of largest movements of Reform Era
C. Religious roots - Quakers condemned slavery as immoral
1. Northerners viewed slavery as a moral wrong
D. William Lloyd Garrison demanded slavery be abolished immediately – leading abolitionist
1. Started newspaper called The Liberator
2. Founded American Anti-Slavery Society - nearly 200,000 members
E. Frederick Douglas escaped slavery at 20
1. Popular speaker with sharp intellect - published newspaper called North Star
2. One of most influential abolitionists in US history
“Manifest Destiny” (9.1)
I. Americans Head West
A. Manifest Destiny - idea that the US had a God-given right to all of North America
1. US would expand its rule to the Pacific
2. Phrase first coined by newspaper editor John O’Sullivan
3. Justified taking lands because minorities were viewed as inferior
a. Native Americans & Mexicans were disrespected
B. Reasons for westward migration
1. Trapping & trading - mountain men led the way
2. Convert natives to Christianity
DQ 3.4
3. Lumberjacks & miners capitalized on natural resources
4. Farmers were followed by entrepreneurs
II. Major Western Trails
A. Santa Fe Trail - first major western trail
1. Missouri to Santa Fe, booming trade center - started as a commercial route
2. William Becknell pioneered the trail – 800 miles in 2 months
3. Later served as route for migrants heading west
B. Oregon Trail was the longest and most famous trail - 2000 miles from Missouri to Oregon
1. Dangers – mountains, harsh weather and disease
C. Mormon Trail – Illinois to Utah
1. Joseph Smith founded the church in NY in 1830
a. polygamy fueled hostility in NY, OH and MO
b. Smith was killed by a mob in Nauvoo, IL
2. Brigham Young led 16,000 to Great Salt Lake in Utah
3. Mormons crossed the Rockies to avoid persecution & settled in remote areas
III. The Gold Rush
A. Gold fever led to largest single migration west along the CA Trail
1. In 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill
2. Thousands headed west after Polk’s State of the Union address
B. Rush to California - in 1849, over 80,000 “49ers” rushed to California
1. Some followed CA Trail, while others sailed the Pacific Ocean
> CA Trail was the single largest migration to the West
2. By 1854, some 300,000 migrants headed to CA
C. Booming cities – San Francisco, Stockton and Sacramento
IV. Effects of Westward Migration
A. Oregon Treaty – Polk campaigned with “54 40’ or Fight”
B. Communication links – Pony Express delivered mail
> telegraph replaced Pony Express in 1861
C. Greatest effect was on Native Americans – lives changed forever!
DQ 3.5
“Texas Independence” (9.2)
I. Spanish Settled Texas
A. Missions were built by Spanish Catholics to convert Native Americans to Christianity
1. Natives rejected mission life and conversion
2. Missions + Disease = Death  Natives rebelled and attacked
B. Spain ultimately abandoned missions
II. Americans Moved into Texas
A. Mexican independence encouraged American settlers to move to Texas
1. Cheap land and opportunity to farm led to increased settlement
B. Stephen F. Austin was the “Father of Texas”
C. Empresarios recruited settlers and established colonies - 30,000 by 1830
III. Texas Revolution
A. Tensions in Texas
1. In 1830, law passed to stop American immigration into Texas
2. Mexican govt. sent troops to stop immigration and collect taxes
3. Settlers needed to obey Mexican laws – Americans were outraged
B. Revolution began
1. Texans protested Mexican govt. – settlers wrongly imprisoned
2. Texans attacked at Velasco – Mexicans surrendered
3. Austin went to Mexico City to propose separate Mexican state - Austin was jailed
4. Santa Anna became President & wanted a strong central govt.
a. Texans felt liberties were threatened
C.
D.
E.
F.
5. Battle of Gonzales, 10/1835, started revolution
6. Sam Houston was put in charge of army
The Alamo
1. Texans captured San Antonio and declared independence
2. Santa Anna sent 6,000 troops in Feb. 1836
3. 200 Texans assumed defensive position in fort
a. Texans led by Bowie, Travis and Crockett
4. Mexicans bombarded Alamo for 12 straight days
5. 1,800 Mexicans stormed Alamo on 3/6/1836 – all Texans were killed
Goliad and the Runaway Scrape
1. 340 Texas prisoners executed in Goliad Massacre
2. Houston ordered retreat to the east - thousands fled Santa Anna’s advancing army
Victory at the Battle of San Jacinto – Houston launched surprise attack near coast
1. Texans attacked from high ground – Santa Anna captured
2. Treaties of Velasco – ended war – Republic of Texas founded
a. Sam Houston became President
Annexation of Texas
1. Admittance as slave state would boost South’s political power
2. Northerners opposed spread of slavery to the west
3. President Polk favored annexation – elected in 1844
a. Mexico considered it a declaration of war
b. Texas joined the Union in December 1845
“War with Mexico” (9.3)
I. Tensions Between US and Mexico
A. Annexation enraged Mexican govt.
B. Polk’s Manifest Destiny wanted to expand to Pacific Ocean
1. Included New Mexico Territory and California
C. Boundary dispute
1. Nueces River recognized as boundary by US
2. Texans recognized boundary as Rio Grande (farther south)
II. Mexican-American War
A. Causes of war
1. Texas annexation
2. Boundary dispute
3. Manifest Destiny
B. Gen. Zachary Taylor crossed Nueces River to disputed area
1. Small fight led US to declare war in May, 1836 “…blood shed on American soil”
C. Fighting the war
1. Aggressive strategy developed to win the war
2. Gen. Stephen Kearny captured Santa Fe, NM, then headed west for CA
3. Californians successfully revolted against Mexican rule
> Became Republic of California in June 1846
4. Gen. Taylor advanced into northern Mexico – captured towns of Buena Vista and Monterrey
5. Chapultepec – Mexicans fought to the last man (honored as heroes)
6. Gen. Winfield Scott captured Mexico City in Sept. 1847
> Fall of capital city led to Mexico giving in to American demands
D. Effects of the war
1. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war
> Resolved Mexican claims to Texas & ceded much of Mexico’s northern territory to the US
2. Mexican Cession was largest area in the West acquired through military conquest
> Lands gained from Mexico in treaty - AZ, CA & NM for $15 million
3. Gadsden Purchase was made to create southern route for Transcontinental RR
> Added southern AZ and southwest NM for $10 million
3. Manifest Destiny was fulfilled
DQ 3.6