Conner and Kale

• DNA is he building blocks of life and the blueprint for life .
• DNA is replicated in a series of steps that involve many different chemicals and molecules .
• DNA has a unique way of replicating that is fully dependent on its structure , which is similar to
Two letters spinning around each other , which is also called a double helix

• Another key factor in DNA replication is that DNA has two sides one flowing 5’ to 3’ and the other flowing 3’ to 5’.
• Replicating DNA was not possible to do outside of the body until the process PCR was discovered by Kary Mullis ,whom was assigned to Cetus Corporation, where Mullis worked when he invented the technique in 1983.

• PCR is an abbreviation for polymerase chain reaction
• PCR is done in a thermal cycler . thermal cyclers are devices used to set an environment for the substance
, in this case DNA. DNA needs to be run through the thermal cycler at three different climate at three different intervals.

DNA replication is the process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule. This biological process occurs in all living organisms. DNA is made up of two strands and each strand of the original
DNA molecule serves as a template
(blue print) for the production of the complementary strand(new strand).

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First a enzyme called helices is going to travel up the strand of DNA , unzipping the two sides
(strands).This starts at a point of origin , certain spot on each DNA molecule .
• Helices travels between the hydrogen bonds
,between the bases. it happens here because hydrogen bonds are very weak and are broken apart easily .
• This happens to expose the bases , adenine , guanine ,cytosine and thymine .

• The common function of helicases accounts for the fact that they display a certain amount of amino acid sequence.( This amount is beyond my knowledge ) They all possess sequences located in the interior of their primary structure,the variable portion of the amino acid sequence is related to the specific features of each helicase.
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These are bonded to the outside of the DNA molecule
• these proteins are useful because they keep the already split up DNA molecule from re annealing to its opposite pair

• Primace comes on the strands of DNA and sets down primers that indicate where the polymerase
III should build a opposite strand to the one it is traveling on this is how the a, t, c and g align in a particular order. (this strand that is set down by primace is a RNA primer).
• polymerase III will build this replica by traveling 5’ to 3’up the DNA strand .Because of its form , polymerase can only travel 5’ to 3’

• Because Polymerase III has to build from 3’ to 5’ ,forming the leading strand is easy , because of the direction of the strand .But this means that polymerase III will have more trouble on the lagging strand , because it flows from 3’ to 5’ this requires primace to lay down an RNA primer to indicate where the polymerase
III should build from and to.
This is repeated over and over

• because of this there are gaps between each new build piece of DNA
• These gaps make the DNA strand incomplete , leaving us with a hole bunch of completed segments . these segments are called Okasaki fragments because we have fragments in our
DNA we require to have another couple molecules to fix that on our lagging strand of
DNA

• This is used to locate the primers set down by primace than polymerase I takes out the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA
• After the primers are replaced the okasaki fragments are linked together , with no fractions , this is done by DNA ligase

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Helicase is a enzyme that unzips the DNA molecule , between the bace pairs and on the weak hydrogen bonds .
• single stranded binding proteins keep DNA molecule from re annealing (attaching) to itself.
• primace places down RNA primers to signal the polymerase III to attach there and start building.
• polymerase III builds a identical , but opposite DNA model, that end up bonding to each other .
• the leading strand is 5’ to 3’ the lagging is 3’ to 5’