I. The Presidents
A. Great Expectations
1. Americans want a president who is powerful and who can do good like Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt, and Kennedy.
 Yet Americans do not like a concentration of power because they are individualistic and skeptical of authority.
B. Who They Are
1. Formal Requirements:
 Must be 35 years old
 Must be a natural-born citizen
 Must have resided in U.S. for 14 years
2. Informal “Requirements”:
 White, Male, Protestant (With some exceptions)
3. All manner of professions, but mostly political ones (former state governors, for example)
C. How They Got There
1. Elections: The Normal Road to the White House
 Once elected, the president serves a term of four years.
 In 1951, the 22nd Amendment limited the number of terms to two.
2. Succession
 The vice president succeeds if the president leaves office due to death, resignation, or removal.
 Under the 25th Amendment, the vice president becomes acting president if the vice president and
president’s cabinet determine that the president is disabled
3. Impeachment
 Impeachment is an accusation, requiring a majority vote in the House.
 Charges may be brought for “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.”
 If impeached, the president is tried by the Senate with the Chief Justice presiding.
 Only two presidents have been impeached—Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton—and neither was convicted.
II. Presidential Powers
A. Constitutional Powers of the President
B. The Expansion of Power
1. Presidents may develop new roles for and expand power of the office.
C. Perspectives on Presidential Power
1. During the 1950s and 1960s people favored a powerful president.
2. By the 1970s, presidential power was checked and distrusted by the public.
III. Running the Government:
A. As Chief Executive
1. the president presides over the administration of government.
1. Constitution: “take care that the laws be faithfully executed”
2. Today, federal bureaucracy spends $2.5 trillion a year and numbers more than 4 million employees.
3. Presidents appoint 500 high-level positions and 2,500 lesser jobs.
B. The Vice President
1. Basically just “waits” for things to do
2. Power has grown over time, as recent presidents have given their VPs important jobs
C. The Cabinet
1. Presidential advisors, not in Constitution
2. Made up of 14 cabinet secretaries and one Attorney General, confirmed by the Senate
D. Cabinet Departments
E. The Executive Office
1. Made up of policymaking and advisory bodies
Three principle groups: NSC, CEA, OMB1. National
1. Security Council (NSC)
 Created in 1947 to coordinate the president’s foreign and military policy advisers
 Members include the president, vice president, secretary of state and defense, and managed by the
president’s national security adviser
2. Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)
 A three-member body appointed by the president to advise on economic policy
3. Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
 Performs both managerial and budgetary functions, including legislative review and budgetary assessments
of proposals
F. The White House Staff
1. Chief aides and staff for the president—some are more for the White House than the president
2. Presidents rely on their information and effort but presidents set tone and style of White House
G. The First Lady
1. No official government position, but many get involved politically
2. Recent ones focus on a single issue, e.g., Hillary Clinton and health care
IV. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers
A. Chief Legislator
1. Veto: The president can send a bill back to Congress with his reasons for rejecting it. It may be overridden with 2/3 support of both
Houses.
2. Pocket Veto: A president can let a bill die by not signing it when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill.
3. Line Item Veto: ability to veto parts of a bill--some state governors have it, but not the president
Vetoes are mostly used to prevent legislation.
B. Party Leadership
1. The Bonds of Party
 Being in the president’s party creates a psychological bond between legislators and presidents, increasing
agreement.
2. Slippage in Party Support
 Presidents cannot always count on party support, especially on controversial issues.
3. Leading the Party
 Presidents can offer party candidates support and punishment by withholding favors.
 Presidential coattails occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president’s
party because they support the president. Races are rarely won in this way.
C. Public Support
1. Public Approval
 A source of presidential leadership of Congress
 Public approval gives the president leverage, not command; it does not guarantee success
2. Mandates
 Perception that the voters strongly support the president’s character and policies
 Mandates are infrequent, but presidents claim a mandate anyway
D. Legislative Skills
1. Bargaining: concessions for votes, occurs infrequently
2. Being strategic, presidents increase chances for success by exploiting “honeymoon” at beginning of term
3. Presidents may set priorities to influence Congress’ agenda; president is nation’s key agenda builder
4. Skills must compete with other factors that may affect Congress; they are not at the core of presidential leadership of Congress
V. The President and National Security Policy
A. Chief Diplomat
1. Negotiates treaties with other countries
 Treaties must be ratified by 2/3 vote in the Senate
2. Use executive agreements to take care of routine matters with other countries
3. May negotiate for peace between other countries
4. Lead U.S. allies in defense and economic
B. Commander-in-Chief
1. Writers of the Constitution wanted civilian control of the military.
2. Presidents often make important military decisions.
3. Presidents command a standing military and nuclear arsenal—unthinkable 200 years ago
C. War Powers
1. Shared War Powers in Constitution
 Congress has the power to declare war.
 President, as Commander-in-Chief, can commit troops and equipment in conflicts
2. War Powers Resolution (1973)
 Intended to limit the president’s use of the military

Requires president to consult with Congress prior to using military force and withdraw forces after 60 days
unless Congress declares war or grants and extension
 Presidents see the Resolution as unconstitutional
3. Presidents continue to test the constitutional limits of using the military in foreign conflicts.
D. Crisis Manager
1. The role the president plays can help or hurt the presidential image.
2. With current technology, the president can act much faster than Congress to resolve a crisis.
E. Working with Congress
1. President has lead role in foreign affairs
2. Presidents still have to work with Congress for support and funding of foreign policies.
VI. Power from the People: The Public Presidency
A. Going Public
1. Public support is perhaps the greatest source of influence a president has.
2. Presidential appearances are staged to get the public’s attention.
3. As head of state, presidents often perform many ceremonial functions, which usually result in favorable press coverage.
B. Presidential Approval
1. Receives much effort by the White House
2. Product of many factors: predispositions, “honeymoon,” rally events
Changes can highlight good or bad decisions
C. Policy Support
1. Presidents attempt to gain public support through televised messages, with little success
 The public may not be receptive to the president’s message or misperceive it all together.
D. Mobilizing the Public
1. The president may attempt to motivate the public to contact Congress.
2. A difficult task, given inattentive and apathetic public
3. May backfire: a lack of response speaks loudly
VII. The President and the Press
A. Presidents and media are often adversaries due to different goals.
 Media need stories; presidents want to convey their messages to the public
B. Many people in the White House deal with the media, but the press secretary is the main contact person.
 Press conferences are best-known direct interaction of president and media
C. Media do not focus on substance of policies but on the “body watch.”
D. News coverage of presidents has become more negative.
VIII. Understanding the American Presidency
A. The Presidency and Democracy
 Concerns over the president having too much power often tied to policy concerns
 Others argue there are too many checks and balances on the president
B. The Presidency and the Scope of Government
 Some presidents have increased the functions of government.