Growth from Birth
to Age 5
PSY 121
Chapters 5 - 10
Part 1
Sensation versus
Perception
• Receiving environmental stimuli
versus
• Giving meaning to information
received by the sensory system
Neuron
• Parts of a neuron
• dendrite
• cell body
• axon
• synapse
• myelin
A NEURON
The Brain
• Left brain processes verbal,
numerical, textual & logical
information
• Right brain processes spatial,
colored & creative information
• Hemispheres have differing
functions but don’t work
independently.
•
•
Both generally work together to
perform most tasks.
One side may be faster.
Left Hemisphere Rt Hemisphere
Language
Process positive
emotions
Spatial relationships;
artistic abilities
Perception & expression
of emotion; negative
emotions
The Brain
• Right and left halves are joined
by the corpus
• Myelination
callosum.
Myelin Sheath
•
•
Insulation on axon to improve
speed of transmission.
Also insulates axon from
activity of other neurons.
Reflexes
•Survival reflexes
•Breathing
•Sucking
•Rooting
•Swallowing
Other Reflexes
•Startle or Moro
•Babinski
•Walking (stepping)
•Swimming
Motor Skills
•Gross Motor Skills
large body movements such as
running, climbing, jumping and
throwing
•Earliest and easiest
to be mastered
•Fine Motor Skills
are smaller body movements
such
as drawing, buttoning,
coloring, tying shoes, using
tools, etc..
• require some maturation
nervous system of to develop
Types of Play*
•Sensorimotor Play
• Parallel Play
• Rough and Tumble Play
• Play Face
• Mastery Play
• Dramatic Play
* not a complete list; categories
are not mutually exclusive
Sigmund Freud
•First clearly delineated “stage
theory”
•
Human development proceeds in orderly stages; one stage must
be reached before the next stage can happen
• Controversial
• Failure to attain success is called
fixation.
Psychosexual Stages
• Oral
• Anal
• Phallic
• Latency
• Genital
Oral Stage
• Focus on the the mouth
• feeding, sucking, babbling, blowing
bubbles, etc.
• from birth to 1 year
• fixation = oral-aggressive or oralreceptive
Anal Stage
• Focus on the anal sphincter
muscles
• Toilet-training:freedom and
control issues: own body, parents
• fixation = anal-retentive and
anal-expulsive
Phallic Stage
• Centered on the genitals, especially
the penis.
• Awareness of sex and gender
differences
• Identification with and role-play of
same sex parent
Phallic Stage
• Fixation = Oedipus complex in
boys and Electra complex in
girls
• castration anxiety for males
• penis envy in females
Latency and Genital Stage
• Most challenging development
happens on oral, anal and phallic
stages
• latency - repressed sexuality due to
unconscious guilt
• Genital stage - adolescence renewed
interest in genital stimulation; adult
sexuality
Erikson’s Psychosocial
Stages
• Infancy = Basic trust versus
mistrust
• Toddlerhood = autonomy versus
shame and doubt
• Preschool = initiative versus
guilt
Social Learning Theory
• Modeling: Learning by
observation and imitation
• learned aggressiveness and
learned helplessness
• Importance of television and other
media on learning